Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-fvjsw Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T21:27:49.814Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environmental Ranking of Amazonian Development Projects in Brazil*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 August 2009

Robert J. A. Goodland
Robert J. A. Goodland
Affiliation:
Ecologist, Office of Environmental Affairs, The World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A.
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The premise of an Amazonia full of immensely rich potentialities awaiting development to yield copious and abundant profit and lasting benefit, has only recently emerged as being tragically false. The most important environmental consideration in Amazonian discussions has been to convince the controllers of the enormous risks of the prevailing course of development.

People in Brazil and elsewhere who were concerned with various foreseeable dangers, intensified efforts to persuade the Government about them when the Transamazonian Highway programme was announced in June 1970. This programme, and the associated colonization scheme in 100-km strips on either side of the road network, subsequently was largely abandoned or postponed, as the harvests failed and roads deteriorated. The next development thrust—agro-industrial livestock—was even more damaging, and so the environmental movement in Brazil grew. Almost simultaneous announcements towards the end of the Geisel Government, of accelerated emancipation of Amerindians and risk-contracts to extract timber on unprecedented scales with no limit placed on area, were shelved with the change in government early in 1979 (cf. Schmithusen, 1978).

Information

Type
Main Papers
Information
Environmental Conservation , Volume 7 , Issue 1 , Spring 1980, pp. 9 - 26
Copyright
Copyright © Foundation for Environmental Conservation 1980

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

REFERENCES

Abreu, S. F. (Ed.) (1973). Recursos Minerais do Brasil. Ed. Blucher, , São Paulo, Brazil: 2 vols.Google Scholar
Ackermann, W. C. et al. , (Ed.) (1973). Man-made Lakes. American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC: 847 pp.Google Scholar
Alho, C. J. R. et al. , (1979). Ecologia da Taitaruga da Amazonia e avaliacao do seu manejo na reserva biologica do Trombetas. Brasil Florestal, 9(38), pp. 29–47.Google Scholar
Barrett, S. W. (1976). The Creation and Development of National Parks in the Lower Amazon Region of Brazil. Thesis, Department of Landscape Architecture, University of California, Berkeley, California: 121 pp.Google Scholar
Bastos, T. X. et al. , (1974). Contribution to knowledge of the ecology of the equatorial rain-forest. Boletim Tecnico do Ipean, 64, pp. 1–57.Google Scholar
Baur, G. N. (1968). The Ecological Basis of Rainforest Management. V. C. N. Blight, Govt Printer, New South Wales: 499 pp.Google Scholar
Baxter, R. M. (1977). Environmental effects of dams and impoundments. Ann. Rev. Ecology Syst., 8, pp. 255–83.Google Scholar
Bayley, P. B. (1978). Fishery Yield From the Middle and Upper Amazon in Brazil: A Comparison with Exploitation in African Rivers and Possible Management Strategies. International Workshop on Comparative Studies in Freshwater Fisheries, Palanza, Italy, 09 4–8: 22 pp.Google Scholar
Bayley, P. B. & Moreira, J. C. (1978). Preliminary Interpretations of Aquatic Resources in the Central Amazon Basin Using LANDSAT Multispectral Imagery. First Brazilian Symposium on Remote Sensing, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil, 11 27–29: 10 pp.Google Scholar
Beier, G. J. & Cahn-Hidalgo, G. R. A. (1973). Roles for airships in economic development. World Bank Sci. and Tech. Rept, Washington, D.C., 10, 14 pp.Google Scholar
Bene, J. G., Beall, H. W. & Cote, A. (1976). The Tropical Forest: Overexploited and Underused. International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Ontario: 73 pp.Google Scholar
Berutti, P. de A. (1976). Contribuicao energetica das florestas Brasileiras. Silvicultura, 1(2), pp. 20–5.Google Scholar
Bourne, R. (1978). Assault on the Amazon. Gollancz, London, UK: 320 pp.Google Scholar
Brinkmann, W. L. F. & Nascimento, J. C. de (1973). The effect of slash and burn agriculture on plant nutrients in the Tertiary Region of Central Amazonia. Acta Amazonica, 3(1), pp. 55–61.Google Scholar
Briquet de Lemos, A. A. (1976). Cerrado: Bibliografia Analitica. EMBRAPA, Brasilia, Brazil: 361 pp.Google Scholar
Briscoe, C. B. (1978). Improved Utilization of Tropical Forests: Silviculture in Plantation Development. USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin: 17 pp. (manuscript).Google Scholar
Brooks, E., Fuerst, R., Hemming, J. & Huxley, F. (1973). Tribes of the Amazon Basin in Brazil, 1972. C. Knight, London, UK: 201 pp.Google Scholar
Brown, K. S. (1979). Ecologia Geografica e Evolucao nas Florestas Neotropicais. Univ. Estadual., Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil: 265 pp.Google Scholar
Brunig, E. F. (1975). Tropical ecosystems: State and targets of research into the ecology of humid tropical ecosystems. Plant Research and Development, 1, pp. 22–38.Google Scholar
Budowski, G. (1974). Forest plantations and nature conservation. IUCN Bull., 5(7), pp. 25–6.Google Scholar
Cals de Oliveira Filho, C. (1977).Fontes Alternativas de Energia Electrica. ELETROBRAS, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 42 pp.Google Scholar
Cardoso, F. H. (1977). Amazonia: Expansao do Capitalismo. Ed. Brasiliense, , São Paulo, Brazil: 205 pp.Google Scholar
Davis, S. H. (1977). Victims of the Miracle: Development and the Indians of Brazil. Cambridge University Press, New York, NY: 205 pp.Google Scholar
Davis, S. H. & Mathews, R. O. (1976). The Geological Imperative: Anthropology and Development in the Amazon Basin of South America. Anthropology Resource Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 106 pp.Google Scholar
Dostal, W. (Ed.) (1972). The Situation of the Indians in South America. World Council of Churches, Geneva, Switzerland: 453 pp.Google Scholar
Douglas, J. S. & Hart, A. de J. (1976). Forest Farming. Watkins, London, UK: 197 pp.Google Scholar
Dubois, J. (1971). Considerations on afforestation in Amazonia. SUDAM Documenta, 3 (1/4), pp. 117–31.Google Scholar
Earl, D. (1975). Forest Energy and Economic Development. Clarendon Press, Oxford, UK: 128 pp.Google Scholar
Ewel, J. & Conde, L. (1976). Potential ecological impact of increased intensity of tropical forest utilization. USDA Forest Service, Madison, Wisconsin, No. 12–28, 115 pp.Google Scholar
Fearnside, P. M. (1978). Estimation of Carrying Capacity for Human Settlement in Part of the Transamazonian Highway Colonization Area of Brazil. Dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan: 624 pp.Google Scholar
Fearnside, P. M. (1979 a). Cattle yield prediction for the Transamazonian Highway of Brazil. Interciencia, 4(4), pp. 220–5.Google Scholar
Fearnside, P. M. (1979 b). Land-Use Allocation of the Transamazonian Highway Colonists of Brazil and its Relation to Human Carrying Capacity. Cambridge Conference on Development of Amazonia, Centre of Latin American Studies, Cambridge, UK: 53 pp. (manuscript).Google Scholar
Fearnside, P. M. & Rankin, J. M. (1979). Jari and Development in the Brazilian Amazon. Department of Ecology, INPA, Manaus, Brazil: 19 pp. (manuscript).Google Scholar
Ferri, M. G. (Ed.) (1963). Simposio Sobre o Cerrado. Ed. Univ. São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil: 424 pp.Google Scholar
Ferri, M. G. (Ed.), 1971. III Simposio Sobre o Cerrado. Ed. Univ. São Paulo, e E. Blucher, São Paulo, Brazil: 239 pp.Google Scholar
Ferri, M. G. (Ed.) (1976). IV Simposio Sobre o Cerrado. Ed. Univ. São Paulo, e Ed. Itatiaia, São Paulo, Brazil: 405 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. (1975). The Cerrado Ecosystem of Brazil: State of Knowledge Report on Tropical Ecosystems. UNESCO, Div. Ecological Sci., Paris, France: 103 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. (1978 a). Environmental optimization in hydrodevelopment of tropical forest regions. Pp. 10–20 in Man-made Lakes and Human Health (Ed. R. S. Panday). Univ. of Paramaribo, Suriname: 73 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. (1978 b). Environmental Assessment of the Tucurui Hydroelectric Project, Rio Tocantins, Amazonia. ELETRONORTE (LC No. 77–93947) Brasilia, Brazil: 250 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. (1978 c). A Plea for Amazonian Diversity. Anthropology Research Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts: 3 pp. (typescript).Google Scholar
Goodland, R. & Bookman, J. (1977). Can Amazonia survive its highways? The Ecologist, 7, pp. 376–80.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. & Ferri, M. G. (1979). Ecologia do Cerrado. Ed. Univ. São Paulo, e Liv. Itatiaia Ed., São Paulo, Brazil: 193 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. & Irwin, H. S. (1975). Amazon Jungle: Green Hell to Red Desert? Elsevier Scientific, New York, NY: 155 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. & Irwin, H. S. (1977 a). O Cerrado e a Floresta Amazonica. SUDAM, Seminario Regional de Desenvolvimento Rural Integrado, Belem, Brazil: (3 vols), vol. 2, pp. 9–37.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. & Irwin, H. S. (1977 b). Amazon forest and cerrado: Development and environmental conservation. Pp. 214–33 in Extinction is Forever (Ed. Prance, G. T.). N.Y. Botanic Gardens, Bronx, New York, NY: 437 pp.Google Scholar
Goodland, R. & Irwin, H. S. (1978). Amerindios da Amazonia. C. J. Arquitectura, Rio de Janeiro, V(20), pp. 11–20.Google Scholar
Goodland, R., Irwin, H. S. & Tillman, R. (1978). Ecological development for Amazonia. Ciencia e Cultura, 30, pp. 275–84.Google Scholar
Goulding, M. (1978). The Ecology and Management of Rio Madeira Fisheries. Ph.D. dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles, California: 341 pp.Google Scholar
Goulding, M. (1979). Ecologia da Pesca do Rio Madeira. INPA, Manaus, Brazil: 172 pp.Google Scholar
Goulding, M. (in press). The Fishes and the Forest: a Study in Amazonian Floodplain Ecology. University of California Press.Google Scholar
Groulez, J. (1975). Conversion to plantation forestry in tropical rain-forest. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, 162, pp. 3–24.Google Scholar
Guerra, F. (1973). Forestry projects vs wood charcoal. SUDAM Documenta, Belem, 5(1/4), pp. 3–12.Google Scholar
Hecht, S. B. (in prep.). Some Environmental Consequences of Conversion of Forest to Pasture in Eastern Amazonia. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Forestry, University of California, Berkeley, California.Google Scholar
IBDF (1978). Preservacao da natureza na Amazonia Brasileira: Situacao em 1978. IBDF, Brasilia, Prodepef, Serie Tecnica (76–027), 13, 44 pp.Google Scholar
IPEA (1973). Aproveitamento Atual e Potencial dos Cerrados. Brasil, Inst. Planejamento Economico e Social (IPEA), 197 pp.Google Scholar
Irion, J. (1978). Soil infertility in the Amazonian rain-forest. Naturwissenschaften, 65, pp. 515–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IUCN (1975). The Use of Ecological Guidelines for Development in the American Humid Tropics. Moiges, Switzerland, IUCN Series No. 31, 249 pp.Google Scholar
Janzen, D. H. (1973). Tropical agroecosystems. Science, 182 (4118), pp. 1212–9.Google Scholar
Jesus Parada, N. de & Santos, A. P. dos (1977). Use of Landsat Data to Monitor Pasture Projects in Amazonia. National Aeronautics and Space Admin. Rept. No. INPE-1009 NTE/079, Washington, DC: 18 pp.Google Scholar
Jorge Padua, M. T. (1978). O patrimonio natural e o mais nobre legado que podemos deixar para nossos filhos. Brasil Florestal, 34, pp. 6–11.Google Scholar
Katzman, M. T. (1976). Paradoxes of Amazonian development in a ‘resource-starved’ world. Journal of Developing Areas, 10(4), pp. 445–60.Google Scholar
Kerr, W. E. (1979). A Amazonia: Sua Floresta e Sua Ocupacao. Senado Federal, CPI (29 May), Brasilia, Brazil: 16 pp.Google Scholar
King, K. F. S. (1968). Agri-silviculture: The Taungya System. Bull. Dept Forestry, Univ. Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria: 109 pp.Google Scholar
King, K. F. S. (1975). Putting the emphasis on tropical forestry. Unasylva, 27(110), pp. 30–5.Google Scholar
King, K. F. S. (1977). IBDF, FAO, IICA and SUPLAN promote a seminar to discuss land-use planning. Brasil Florestal, 8(32), pp. 36–43.Google Scholar
Kirby, J. M. (1976). Forest grazing: a technique for the tropics. World Crops, 28(6), pp. 248–50.Google Scholar
Kleinpenning, J. M. G. (1975). The Integration and Colonization of the Brazilian Portion of the Amazon Basin. Geogr. Plan. Inst., Katholieke Univ., Nijmegen, Netherlands: 177 pp.Google Scholar
Kleinpenning, J. M. G. (1978). A further evaluation of the policy for the integration of the Amazon region (1974–76). Tijdschrift Voor Economische en Social Geografie, 69(1/2), pp. 78–85.Google Scholar
Kohlhepp, G. (1976). Planning and actual situation of statecontrolled small-scale colonization projects along the Transamazonica. Geographische Zeitschrift, 64(3), pp. 171–211.Google Scholar
Kohlhepp, G. (1978). The exploration and economic exploitation of Amazonia: Development strategies of Brazil's planning policy and of private enterprise. Geographische Rundschau, 30(1), pp. 2–13.Google Scholar
Labouriau, L. F. G. (Ed.) (1966). Segundo simposio sobre o cerrado. Anais, Acad. Bras. Cienc., Rio de Janeiro, 38, pp. 1–346.Google Scholar
Lanly, J. P. & Clement, J. (1979). Present and Future Forest and Plantation Areas in the Tropics. FAO, Rome, FO: Misc. 79/1:47 pp.Google Scholar
Lopes, A. S. (1975). A Survey of the Fertility Status of Soils Under ‘Cerrado’ Vegetation in Brazil. MS thesis, Dept of Soil Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina: 138 pp.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, T. E. (in press). Designing refugia for tomorrow. In Proc. Fifth Symposium Trap. Biology (Ed. G. T. Prance). Columbia Univ. Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Lovejoy, T. E. & Oren, D. C. (in press). Minimum critical size of ecosystems. In Forest Island Dynamics (Ed. R. L. Burgess & D. M. Sharpe). Springer-Verlag, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Lowe-McConnell, R. H. (1975). Fish Communities in Tropical Freshwaters. Longmans, New York, NY: 338 pp.Google Scholar
Lutzenberger, J. A. (1976). Fim do Futuro? Manifesto Ecologico Brasileiro. Ed. Movimento, Porto Alegre, Brazil: 96 pp.Google Scholar
Mahar, D. J. (1979). Frontier Development Policy in Brazil: A Study of Amazonia. Praeger, New York, NY: 182 pp.Google Scholar
Minter (1977). Program of Ecological Stations. Special Environmental Agency, Brasilia, Brazil: 40 pp.Google Scholar
Moraes Victor, M. A. (1975). A Devastacao Florestal. Soc. Bras. Silvicultura, Sao Paulo, Brazil: 48 pp.Google Scholar
Moran, E. F. (1976). Agricultural Development in the Transamazonian Highway. Latin Amer. Studies Working Paper, Indiana Univ., Bloomington, Indiana: 136 pp.Google Scholar
Nicholls, Y. I. (1973). Source book: Emerging proposals for recompensing of developing countries for maintaining environmental quality. IUCN, Morges, Switzerland, Envt. Policy and Law Paper, 5, 142 pp.Google Scholar
Noguiera-Neto, Paulo & Carvalho, José Candido de Melo (1979). A programme of ecological stations for Brazil. Environmental Conservation, 6(2), pp. 95–104, 17 maps.Google Scholar
Norgaard, R. B. (1979 a). The Significance of the Potential for Paddy Rice Production on the Amazon Varzea. Ford Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: 34 pp.Google Scholar
Norgaard, R. B. (1979 b). Agricultural development and environmental transformation in terra firme Amazonia: A neoclassical economic perspective. [Ciencia e Cultura, in press].Google Scholar
Norgaard, R. B. (1979 c). The Amazon forestry situation, development goals, and some key questions for future planning, In Ocupacao Agricola da Amazonia, Min. Agric. and CEDEPLAR-UFMC: 10 pp. (manuscript).Google Scholar
Palmer, J. R. (1976). Towards more reasonable objectives in tropical high-forest management for timber production. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 55, pp. 273–89.Google Scholar
Palmer, J. R. (1977). Forestry in Brazil-Amazonia. Commonwealth Forestry Review, 56(2), pp. 115–30.Google Scholar
Pandolfo, C. M. (1964). A Amazonia e sua Excepcional Vocacao Oleifera. SPVEA, Rio, Brazil: 31 pp.Google Scholar
Pandolfo, C. M. (1972). A Amazonia e Seus Problemas. SUDAM, Belem, Brazil: 25 pp.Google Scholar
Pandolfo, C. M. (1978). A Floresta Amazonica: Enfoque Economico-Ecologico. SUDAM, Belem, Brazil, 118 pp.Google Scholar
Pandolfo, C. M. (1979 a). A Amazonia Brasileira e Suas Potentialidades. Dep. Recursos Naturais, SUDAM, Belem, Brazil: 74 pp.Google Scholar
Pandolfo, C. M. (1979 b). Aspectos do Desenvolvimento da Regiao Amazonica com Especial Enfase a Politico Florestal. Dep. Recursos Naturais, SUDAM, Belem, Brazil: 22 pp.Google Scholar
Parsons, J. J. (1976). Forest to pasture: Development or destruction? Revista de Biologia Tropical, Costa Rica, 24 (1), pp. 121–38.Google Scholar
Persson, R. (1974). World Forest Resources. Royal College of Forestry, Stockholm, Sweden: 265 pp.Google Scholar
Pires, J. M. (1974). Tipos da vegetacao da Amazonia. Brasil Florestal, 5(17), pp. 48–58.Google Scholar
Pires, J. M. (1978). The forest ecosystems of the Brazilian Amazon, Pp. 605–27 in Tropical Forest Ecosystems. UNESCO, Paris, France: 683 pp.Google Scholar
Pitt, C. W. J. (1969). Report to the Government of Brazil on the Application of Silvicultural Methods to Some Forests of Amazonia. SUDAM/FAO, Belem, Brazil: 245 pp.Google Scholar
Reis, M. S. (1978). Uma Definicao Tecnico-Politica Para a Aproveitamento Racional dos Recursos Florestais da Amazonia Brasileira. Min. Agric. IBDF (Prodepef), Brasilia, Brazil: 21 pp.Google Scholar
Roche, L. (1973). The Practice of Agri-silviculture in the Tropics. FAO/SIDA Conference on Shifting Cultivation and Soil Conservation, University of Ibadan, Ibadan Nigeria [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Schmithusen, F. (1978). Contratos de Utilizacao Florestal com Referenda Especial a Amazonia Brasileira. Instituto Brasileiro de Desenvolvimento Florestal (IBDF), Brasilia, Brazil [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Schubart, H. O. R. (1977). Criterios ecologicos para o desenvolvimento agricola das terras firmes da Amazonia. Acta Amazonica, 7(4), pp. 559–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schubart, H. O. R. (1978). Exame da Situacao Atual da Hileia Brasileria: Ecologica Florestal, Atividade Humana Recente e Preservacao. INPA, Manaus, Brazil: manuscript [not available for checking].Google Scholar
Schubart, H. O. R. et al. , (1976). Sumario de ecologia Amazonica. Ciencia e Cultura, 28(5), pp. 507–9.Google Scholar
Science (1977). Remote sensing III: Brazil explores its Amazon wilderness. Science, 196(4289), pp. 513–6.Google Scholar
Sioli, Harald (1968). Principal biotopes of primary production in the waters of Amazonia. Proc. Symp. Recent Adv. Trop. Ecol., pp. 591–600.Google Scholar
Sioli, Harald (1975). Tropical river: The Amazon. Pp. 461–88 in River Ecology (Ed. Whitton, B. A.). University of California Press, Berkeley, California: 725 pp.Google Scholar
Sioli, Harald, Schwabe, G. H. & Klinge, H. (1969). Limnological outlooks on landscape-ecology in Latin America. Trop. Ecol., 10(1), pp. 72–82.Google Scholar
Skillings, Robert F. & Tcheyan, Nils O. (in press). Economic Development Prospects of the Amazon Region of Brazil. Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, D.C.: 133 pp.Google Scholar
Smith, N. J. H. (1977). Cultural and ecological effects on agricultural productivity along the Transamazonica. Acta Amazonica, 7(1), pp. 23–38.Google Scholar
Smith, N. J. H. (1978 a). Agricultural productivity along Brazil's Transamazonian highway. Agro-Ecosystems, 4, pp. 415–32.Google Scholar
Smith, N. J. H. (1978 b). Human exploitation of terra firme fauna in Amazonia. Ciencia e Cultura, 30(1), pp. 17–23.Google Scholar
Smith, N. J. H. (in press). Man, Fish, and the Amazon. Columbia University Press, New York, NY.Google Scholar
Sommer, A. (1976). Attempt at an assessment of the world's tropical forests. Unasylva, 28(112/113), pp. 5–25.Google Scholar
Spears, J. S. (1979). Can the wet tropical forest survive? Commonwealth Forestry Review, 58(3), pp. 165–80.Google Scholar
Uhart, E. (1976). A Floresta Amazonica; Fonte de Energia. SUDAM, Belem, Brazil, 144 pp.Google Scholar
UNESCO (1978). Tropical Forest Ecosystems. UNESCO/UNEP/FAO, UNESCO Knowledge Rept XIV, Paris, France: 683 pp.Google Scholar
US Interagency Task Force (1979). US Policy and Strategy Program Framework: Report to the President on Tropical Forests. Dept State, Washington, DC: Final Draft (December), 180 pp. ‘manuscript’.Google Scholar
Volatron, B. (1976). Exploitation of the forestry resources of Brazilian Amazonia and Colombia: The Medium-term outlook for imports of logs and sawn timber from these countries on the French tropical woods markets, Part I. Bois et Foréts des Tropiques, 165, pp. 59–76.Google Scholar
Warming, J. E. B. & Ferri, M. G. (1973). Lagoa Santa (e) A Vegetacao de Cerrados Brasileiros. Ed. Univ. São Paulo e Liv. Itatiaia Ed., São Paulo, Brazil: 386 pp.Google Scholar
Wetterberg, G. B. et al. , (1976). An analysis of priorities for nature conservation in Amazonia. FAO Report, No. PNUD/FAO/IBDF/BRA-45, Serie Tecnica 8, Brasilia, Brazil: 62 pp.Google Scholar
Wetterberg, G. B. et al. , (1978). Estado atual dos parques nacionais e reservas equivalentes na America do Sul, 1978. Brasil Florestal, 36(9), pp. 11–36.Google Scholar
Woodwell, G. M. (1978). The carbon dioxide question. Scientific American, 238(1), pp. 34–43.Google Scholar
Woodwell, G. M., MacDonald, G. J., Revelle, R. & Keeling, C. D. (1979). The Carbon Dioxide Problem: Implications for Policy in the Management of Energy and Other Resources. Council on Environmental Quality, Washington, DC: 9 pp.Google Scholar
World Bank (1978). Forestry Sector Policy Paper. World Bank, Washington, DC: 65 pp.Google Scholar