Dirk Druet is a policy adviser and researcher focusing on multilateral peace and security interventions. He is a former official of the United Nations departments of Peace Operations and Political and Peacebuilding Affairs, where he led initiatives on intelligence, technology, and preventive diplomacy strategies for UN peacekeeping operations and special political missions. He has served with UN operations and human rights organizations in Afghanistan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda, and Kenya. Druet is a fellow at the International Peace Institute in New York and an adjunct professor at the Max Bell School for Public Policy at McGill University. dirk.druet@mcgill.ca

Victoria K. Holt is the Norman E. McCulloch Jr. Director of the John Sloan Dickey Center for International Understanding at Dartmouth College. She previously served as U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of State, International Organization Bureau, under President Obama and held leadership roles in policy analysis and research. Holt’s experience includes directing programs at the Stimson Center, teaching at Columbia University’s School of International and Public Affairs, and serving at the State Department during the Clinton administration. She also worked as senior staff for two members of Congress and at Washington, D.C.–based institutes. Holt holds degrees from Wesleyan University and the U.S. Naval War College. Victoria.K.Holt@dartmouth.edu

John Karlsrud is research professor at the Norwegian Institute of International Affairs. He works on peacekeeping, ad hoc coalitions, and global governance more broadly. He is the co–principal investigator (PI) of the ADHOCISM project, examining the role of ad hoc coalitions in global governance; the PI of NAVIGATOR, a Horizon Europe project exploring changes in global cooperation across a range of issues; and the PI of the UN Peace Operations Programme, financed by the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. jka@nupi.no

Silje A. Langvatn is an associate professor of political philosophy at the Centre for the Study of the Sciences and Humanities at the University of Bergen in Norway. She was previously a researcher at PluriCourts—Centre for the Study of the Legitimate Roles of the International Judiciary in the Global Order at the University of Oslo, where the foundations for her article in this issue were laid. silje.langvatn@uib.no

Emily Paddon Rhoads is associate professor of political science at Swarthmore College. She is the author of Taking Sides in Peacekeeping: Impartiality and the Future of the United Nations (2016), co-editor of Civilian Protective Agency in Violent Settings: A Comparative Perspective (2023), as well as author of several journal articles and book chapters. Her research and policy engagement focuses on civilian protection and civilian agency in armed conflict, humanitarianism, peacekeeping, and the role of international institutions. erhoads1@swarthmore.edu

Kok-Chor Tan is a professor of philosophy at the University of Pennsylvania. He is the author of the following works: Toleration, Diversity, and Global Justice (2000); Justice without Borders: Cosmopolitanism, Nationalism, and Patriotism (2004); Justice, Institutions and Luck (2012); and What Is This Thing Called Global Justice? (2017; 2nd ed., 2022). Currently, he is writing a book on wildlife conservation and global justice. kctan@sas.upenn.edu

Jennifer M. Welsh is the Canada 150 Research Chair in Global Governance and Security at McGill University in Montreal, where she is also the director of the Centre for International Peace and Security Studies. She was previously professor and chair of international relations at the European University Institute and professor of international relations at the University of Oxford, where she co-founded the Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law and Armed Conflict. From 2013 to 2016, she served as the special adviser to the UN secretary-general, Ban Ki-moon, on the Responsibility to Protect. jennifer.welsh@mcgill.ca

Marie-Joëlle Zahar is professor of political science and director of the Research Network on Peace Operations at the Université de Montréal. She is a fellow of the Pierre Elliott Trudeau Foundation and a senior nonresident fellow at the International Peace Institute. From 2013 to 2015, she served on the UN Standby Team of Senior Mediation Advisers. In 2017, she served in the office of the UN secretary-general’s special envoy for Syria. marie-joelle.zahar@umontreal.ca