¹ Annan, Kofi A., We the Peoples: The Role of the United Nations in the 21st Century (New York: United Nations, 2000), p. 48Google Scholar; available at http://www.un.org/millennium/sg/report.

² Ibid., p. 43Google Scholar.

³ Hans Corell, “Address” (speech given at the Canadian Council of International Law 1999 Annual Conference, “From Territorial Sovereignty to Human Security,” Ottawa, Canada, October 29, 1999); available at http://www.un.org/law/counsel/ottawa.htm.

⁴ Kofi A. Annan, “Address” (annual report to the opening meeting of the United Nations General Assembly, September 9,1999); available at http://wwwo.un.org/News/Press/docs/1999/19990920.Sgsm7136.html.

⁵ Francis Deng developed the concept in Francis Deng, et al., Sovereignty as Responsibility: Conflict Management in Africa (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 1996Google Scholar).

⁶ Bettati, Mario and Kouchner, Bernard, Le devoir d'ingérence: peut-on les laisser mourir? (Paris: Denoel, 1987Google Scholar).

⁷ Reference to Resolution 43/131 of December 8, 1988, regulating delivery of humanitarian assistance to victims of natural disasters and similar emergency situations and insisting on a principle of free access to the victims; and Resolution 45/100 of December 14, 1990, furthering the previous resolution and introducing the concept of emergency humanitarian corridors.

⁸ For a brilliant account of these issues, see Shawcross, William, Deliver Us from Evil: Peacekeepers, Warlords and a World of Endless Conflict (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000Google Scholar).

⁹ Quotedby Shashi Tharoor, “Humanitarian Intervention: Principles, Problems, and Prospects” (speech given at the Wilton Park Conference “Humanitarian Intervention? How Can We Do It Better?” Wilton Park, U.K., February 19–23, 2001); available at http://web.gc.cuny.edu/icissresearch/Wilton.Park.Tharoor.htm.

¹⁰ Bettati, Mario, “Une occasion manquée,” Le Monde, November 22, 2001, supplement, p. IIIGoogle Scholar.

¹¹ Gareth Evans, “The Responsibility to Protect and September 11” (speech given at the UNU/Canadian Government Seminar on The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa, Canada, December 16, 2002); available at http://www.intl-crisis-group.org/projects/showreport.cfm?reportid=860.

¹² Camilleri, Joseph and Falk, Jim, End of Sovereignty? The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World (London: Edward Elgar, 1992), p. 2Google Scholar.

¹³ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, synopsis in The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: IDRC, 2001), vol. I, p. xiGoogle Scholar.

¹⁴ For a look at breaches of humanitarian law by intervening forces in Somalia, see Brauman, Rony, Le crime humanitaire: Somalie (Paris: Arléa, 1993Google Scholar).

¹⁵ See Evans, “The Responsibility to Protect and September 11.”

¹⁶ This procedure was the basis for operations in Korea in 1950, Egypt in 1956, and the Congo in 1960.

¹⁷ This was the case with the interventions of the Economic Community of West African States in Liberia in the early 1990S and in Sierra Leone in 1997.

¹⁸ Kofi A. Annan, “Address” (speech given at the International Peace Academy seminar, “Responsibility to Protect,” New York, N.Y., February 15,2002); available at http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2002/sgsm8125.doc.htm.

¹⁹ Lake, Anthony, “Peacekeeping as Permanent Band-Aid,” in his 6 Nightmares: Real Threats in a Dangerous World and How America Can Meet Them (New York: Little, Brown, and Co., 2000), p. 107–74Google Scholar.

²⁰ Lake, Anthony and Morris, Roger, “The Human Reality of Realpolitik,” Foreign Policy 4 (Fall 1971), pp. 157–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar, analyzed the process whereby American policy-makers with moral sensibilities could wage a war with such immoral consequences as the one in Vietnam. Cited by Samantha Power, “Bystanders to Genocide: Why the United States Let the Rwandan Tragedy Happen,”Atlantic Monthly, September 2001, pp. 84–108; available at http://www.theatlantic.com/issues/2001/09/power.htm.

²¹ William Ferroggiaro, ed., The US and the Genocide in Rwanda 1994: Evidence of Inaction (National Security Archives, George Washington University, August 20, 2001); available at http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB53/index.html.

²² For further discussion of U.S. policy development with regard to Rwanda, see Power, “Bystanders to Genocide”; and Power, Samantha, “A Problem from Hell”: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002Google Scholar).

²³ Ignatieff, Michael, “Is the Human Rights Era Ending?” New York Times, February 5, 2002, p. A25Google Scholar.

²⁴ Tony Blair, “Address” (speech given at the annual Labour Party conference, October 2, 2001); available at politics, http://guardian.co.uk/labour2001/story/0,1414,562006,00.html.

²⁵ White House, “Frequently Asked Questions about the War on Terrorism at Home and Abroad”; available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/response/faq-what.html.

²⁶ International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, vol. I, p. 12Google Scholar.

²⁷ Ignatieff, “Is the Human Rights Era Ending?”

²⁸ Axworthy, Lloyd, “Beware the Fever of War,” Toronto Globe and Mail, October 8, 2002, p. A23Google Scholar.