1 OECD Watch, Quarterly Case Update, spring 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/OW_quarterlycaseupdate_english.pdf, at 4–5. For the statement of the Finnish NCP on the issue see Ministry of Trade and Industry, Finland's National Contact Point's Statement on the specific instance submitted by CEDHA, an Argentinean non-governmental organization, regarding Botnia S.A./Metsä-Botnia Oy's Pulp Mill project in Uruguay, 21 December 2006, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/CEDHA_Botnia_FinnishNCP_statement.pdf.Google Scholar

2 OECD, Working Party on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises: Review 2000, DAFFE/IME/WPG(2000)9, 8 September 2000 (Ministerial Booklet). This document reproduces the text of the Ministerial Booklet published at the 2000 Ministerial Council Meeting containing the Declaration on International Investment and Multinational Enterprises, the Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (Part 1), the Decision of the OECD Council and the Procedural Guidance (Part 2), and Commentaries (Part 3).Google Scholar

3 OECD Watch, Quarterly Case Update, spring 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/OW_quarterlycaseupdate_english.pdf, at 4–5.Google Scholar

4 Id. at 4–5.Google Scholar

5 Id. at 4–5.Google Scholar

6 Id. at 4–5.Google Scholar

7 International Court of Justice, Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v. Uruguay), pending case, general list no 135, further information available at: http://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&p2=1&code=au&case=135&k=88.Google Scholar

8 International Finance Corporation, Orion Pulp Mill – Uruguay, available at: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/lac.nsf/content/Uruguay_Pulp_Mills.Google Scholar

9 Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency, Projects, available at: http://www.miga.org/projects/index_sv.cfm?pid=690.Google Scholar

10 Ministry of Trade and Industry, Finland's National Contact Point's Statement on the specific instance submitted by CEDHA, an Argentinean non-governmental organization, regarding Botnia S.A./Metsä-Botnia Oy's Pulp Mill project in Uruguay, 21 December 2006, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/CEDHA_Botnia_FinnishNCP_statement.pdf.Google Scholar

11 Id. Google Scholar

12 Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC), TUAC Internal analysis of the treatment of cases raised with national contact points February 2001-April 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/TUAC_ListOfCases_Feb2007.pdf, at 4.Google Scholar

13 Armin von Bogdandy, Philipp Dann, Matthias Goldmann, in this issue; Benedict Kingsbury, Nico Krisch & Stewart, Richard B., Introduction: Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal Order, 17 European Journal of International Law 1–13 (2006); Eberhard Schmidt-Aßmann, Die Herausforderung der Verwaltungsrechtswissenschaft durch die Internationalisierung der Verwaltungsbeziehungen, 45 Der Staat 315 (2006).Google Scholar

14 See (note 10).Google Scholar

15 The Ministry of Trade and Industry's decision on Botnia S.A./Metsä-Botnia Oy's pulp mill project: Metsä-Botnia has complied with the OECD Guidelines in Uruguay, 22 December 2006, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/17/42/38053102.pdf.Google Scholar

16 Pulp Mill Conflict: Finnish Ombudsman receives complaint in Botnia S.A. Investment conflict, 31 January 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/CEDHA_vs_BOTNIA_PR_Ombudsman.pdf.Google Scholar

17 Id. Google Scholar

18 Jennifer A. Zerk, Multinationals and Corporate Social Responsibility 248 (2006).Google Scholar

19 Id. at 248.Google Scholar

20 Ioannis N. Androulakis, Die Globalisierung der Korruptionsbekämpfung 190 (2006), Zerk (note 18), at 248.Google Scholar

21 Androulakis (note 20), at 128; Salzman, James, Decentralized Administrative Law in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 189, 212 (2004-2005); Zerk (note 18), at 22 et seq. Google Scholar

22 Bantekas, Ilias, Corporate Social Responsibility in International Law, 22 Boston University International Law Journal 309 (2004).Google Scholar

23 Id. Google Scholar

24 The OEEC was founded in 1948 to implement the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan). Cf. Convention on the Organisation of Economic Co-operation and Development (Convention on the OECD), 14 December 1960, Art. 15, UNTS Vol. 888, 180.Google Scholar

25 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, World Investment Report, 2007, available at: http://www.unctad.org/en/docs/wir2007_en.pdf, at 3 and 24.Google Scholar

26 Convention on the OECD (note 24), Art. 5.Google Scholar

27 OECD, OECD Annual Report 2008, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/39/19/40556222.pdf, at 11.Google Scholar

28 Other permanent OECD bases are in Berlin, Mexico City, Tokyo and Washington D.C.Google Scholar

29 Id. at 101.Google Scholar

30 Id. at 107.Google Scholar

31 Convention on the OECD (note 24), at Art. 7.Google Scholar

32 Convention on the OECD (note 24), at Art. 6.Google Scholar

33 Convention on the OECD (note 24), at Art. 9; Council, Resolution of the Council on a new governance structure for the organisation, C(2006)78/FINAL, 24 May 2006, para. 31.Google Scholar

34 Roger Blanpain, The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Labour Relations, 1976–1979, 29 (1979).Google Scholar

35 Resolution of the Council on the Terms of Reference of the Investment Committee, C(2004)3 and CORR1, 22 April 2004; Convention on the OECD (note 24), Art. 12; Rules of Procedure of the Organisation, (C(61)21), 30 September 1962, as amended in 1962 (C(62)115(Final)) and 1970 (C(70)133(Final), rules 8(a), 9; Note by the Secretary-General, Participation of non-members in the activities of the organisation: legal aspects of the issue, C(98)211, 2 December 1998, para. 3; Resolution of the Council concerning the participation of non-members in the work of subsidiary bodies of the organisation, C(2004)132/FINAL, 5 August 2004.Google Scholar

36 See Note by the Secretary-General, Participation of non-members in the activities of the organisation: legal aspects of the issue, C(98)211, 2 December 1998; Resolution of the Council concerning the participation of non-members in the work of subsidiary bodies of the organisation, C(2004)132/FINAL, 5 August 2004.Google Scholar

37 Rules of Procedure of the Organisation, (C(61)21), 30 September 1962, as amended in 1962 (C(62)115(Final)) and 1970 (C(70)133(Final), rules 22(a), 18(a)(iii); Resolution of the Council on the Terms of Reference of the Investment Committee, C(2004)3 and CORR1, 22 April 2004.Google Scholar

38 Resolution of the Council on the Terms of Reference of the Investment Committee, C(2004)3 and CORR1, 22 April 2004 Art. 3; Ministerial Booklet (note 2), Council Decision, chapter II, Procedural Guidance chapter II, Commentary on the implementation procedures of the Guidelines, chapter II.Google Scholar

39 The Investment Committee: Strategy and Organisation, Mandate of the Working Party of the Investment Committee, DAF/INV(2004)1, 20 September 2004, para. 1(i).Google Scholar

40 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), Procedural Guidance chapter I D (stipulating reporting duties of NCPs to the Investment Committee) and Commentary on the Implementation Procedures, para. 3 (stipulation of reporting duties of the Investment Committee to the Council).Google Scholar

41 BIAC was constituted in 1962 as an independent organisation with the task to represent business and industry in the work of the OECD and to express opinions on questions of common interest. TUAC is one of the oldest international trade union groupings with direct consultative status with an international organisation. It was founded in 1948 to allow European trade unions to play a full role in the administration of the Marshall Plan by the OEEC and vis-à-vis the European Recovery Program. With the creation of the OECD in 1961, TUAC was officially accredited with consultative status by the OECD, representing the organized workers of OECD member countries. TUAC maintains a permanent Secretariat in Paris. Cf. Labour/Management Programme (LMP) Final Reports, 2002, available at: http://www.oecd.org/document/61/0,2340,en_2649_201185_1944829_1_1_1_1,00.html; Homepages of BIAC and TUAC are available at: http://biac.org/and http://www.tuac.org/en/public/index.phtml; Blanpain (note 34), 36, 40.Google Scholar

42 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), Council Decision, chapter II 1. The “exchanges of view” can also be requested by BIAC and TUAC. Individual MNEs also have the opportunity to express their views concerning the Guidelines, but only on issues involving their interests. Cf. Ministerial Booklet (note 2), Council Decision, chapter II, paras. 1–5.Google Scholar

43 See Dubin, A. Laurence & Nogellou, Rozen, Public Participation in Global Administrative Organizations, working paper, presented at the 3rd global administrative law seminar, Viterbo, 15–16 June 2007, at 26.Google Scholar

44 For example, a seminar held by TUAC on the European Works Councils and the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, available at: http://old.tuac.org/statemen/communiq/TUAC%20training%20En.pdf.Google Scholar

45 Homepage of OECD Watch, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/.Google Scholar

46 Ministerial Booklet (note 2). Previous revisions were carried out in 1979, 1982, 1984 and 1991. See OECD, The OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 7 (1994); Blanpain (note 34), at 34.Google Scholar

47 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Commentaries.Google Scholar

48 Convention on the OECD (note 24), at Art. 5a); Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Introduction.Google Scholar

49 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at OECD Guidelines on MNEs.Google Scholar

50 Id. at OECD Guidelines on MNEs, chapter I, para. 3.Google Scholar

51 Id. at OECD Guidelines on MNEs, chapter I, paras. 4, 5.Google Scholar

52 Id. at OECD Guidelines on MNEs, Foreword.Google Scholar

53 Id. at OECD Guidelines on MNEs, Foreword, chapters IV, V, IX.Google Scholar

54 Id. at Commentary on the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, paras. 19–29.Google Scholar

55 Id. at Commentary on the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, paras. 19–29.Google Scholar

56 Id. at Commentary on the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, paras. 30–42.Google Scholar

57 Id. at Commentary on the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, paras. 43–47.Google Scholar

58 Id. at Commentary on the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, paras. 48–52.Google Scholar

59 Id. at Commentary on the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, para. 52.Google Scholar

60 Commission of the European Communities, Directorate-General for Employment and Social Affairs, Promoting a European Framework for Corporate Social Responsibility: Green Paper, COM (2001) 366 final, 18 July 2001, at 6; EC Directive on the establishment of a European Works Council on a procedure in Community-scale undertakings and Community-scale groups of undertakings for the purposes of information and consulting employees, 94/45 of 22 September 1994. This directive established European Works Councils to inform employees in the EU of their rights and to promote the OECD Guidelines for MNEs; TUAC held seminars on the European Works Councils and the OECD Guidelines for MNEs and disseminates information, available at: http://old.tuac.org/statemen/communiq/TUAC%20training%20En.pdf.Google Scholar

61 The Committee's decisions had to be taken by consensus, they had no retrospective applicability and a case was merely used to clarify the meaning of how a provision in the Guidelines should be applied in future cases. These decisions were not binding and resulted in no penalties for violation. See Salzman, James, Decentralized Administrative Law in the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 189, 213 (2004-2005); Klinkenberg, Michael, Die Leitsätze der OECD für multinationale Unternehmen, 101 Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft 421, 421 (2002).Google Scholar

62 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Council Decision chapter I, Procedural Guidance, chapter I C.Google Scholar

63 Report by he Chair, 2007 Annual Meeting of the National Contact Points, at 14, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/26/39319743.pdf.Google Scholar

64 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), Council Decision, chapter I, Procedural Guidance, chapter I.Google Scholar

65 Id. at Council Decision, chapter I, Procedural Guidance, chapter I.Google Scholar

66 Id. at Procedural Guidance, chapter I; Commentaries on the Implementation Procedures, chapter I. In effect, the current NCP structure consists of: 20 NCPs single government departments; 7 NCP multiple departments; 1 bipartite NCP (involving government and business); 9 tripartite NCPs (involving governments, business, and trade unions); and 2 quadripartite NCPs (involving governments, business, trade unions and NGOs). Report by he Chair, 2007 Annual Meeting of the National Contact Points, at 20, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/26/39319743.pdf.Google Scholar

67 Id. at Council Decision, chapter I, Procedural Guidance, chapter I.Google Scholar

68 Id. at Council Decision, chapter I 1, Procedural Guidelines, chapter I C.Google Scholar

69 Id. at Council Decision, chapter I, Procedural Guidance, chapter I.Google Scholar

70 Id. at Procedural Guidance, chapter I C.Google Scholar

71 See Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC), TUAC Submission to the OECD Annual Meeting of National Contact Points (NCPs), para. 2 (2007), available at: http://www.tuac.org/en/public/e-docs/00/00/00/72/document_doc.phtml; OECD-Watch, List of OECD Guidelines cases filed by NGOs as of October 3, 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/List_OECD_Guidelines_cases_3October2007.pdf.Google Scholar

72 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Procedural Guidance, chapter I C. Approximately two-thirds of the specific instances concerned MNEs’ operations in non-adhering countries, but the procedural prescriptions do not determine which NCP will be responsible for an issue that took place in a non-adhering country. In practice issues arising in a non-adhering country are generally dealt with in the home country of the MNE. See id. at Commentary on the Implementation Procedures, para. 20.Google Scholar

73 See OECD Watch, The Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises and Supply Chain Responsibility (2004), available at: http://www.germanwatch.org/tw/kw-sup04.pdf; Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC), TUAC Submission to the OECD Annual Meeting of National Contact Points (NCPs), paras. 41, 44 (2007), available at: http://www.tuac.org/en/public/e-docs/00/00/00/72/document_doc.phtml.Google Scholar

74 Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC), TUAC Submission to the OECD Annual Meeting of National Contact Points (NCPs) paras. 39, 44 (2007), available at: http://www.tuac.org/en/public/e-docs/00/00/00/72/document_doc.phtml.Google Scholar

75 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Procedural Guidance, chapter I C.Google Scholar

76 Id. at Procedural Guidance, chapter I C.Google Scholar

77 Id. at Procedural Guidance, chapter I C.Google Scholar

78 Id. at Procedural Guidance, chapter I C. This obligation is often broken by NCPs. They more often report on the proceedings when they were successful, than when they were unsuccessful. OECD-Watch, List of OECD Guidelines cases filed by NGOs as of October 3, 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/List_OECD_Guidelines_cases_3October2007.pdf.Google Scholar

79 Information available on the Homepage of the Federal Ministry of Economics and Technology: http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/aussenwirtschaft,did=177082.html.Google Scholar

80 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Jahresbericht für den Berichtszeitraum Juni 2006-Juni 2007, at 1, available at: http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Redaktion/PDF/M-O/oecd-nks-jahresbericht,property=pdf,bereich=bmwi,sprache=de,rwb=true.pdf.Google Scholar

81 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Verantwortliches unternehmerisches Handeln im Ausland, “Die OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen”, (2006), available at: http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/aussenwirtschaft,did=26126.html Google Scholar

82 The statements of the German NCP with regard to these three cases are available for download at: http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/aussenwirtschaft,did=178196.html.Google Scholar

83 Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Technologie, Verantwortliches unternehmerisches Handeln im Ausland, “Die OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen” (2006), available at: http://www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/aussenwirtschaft,did=26126.html.Google Scholar

84 Report by the Chair, 2007 Annual Meeting of the National Contact Points, at 6, available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/26/39319743.pdf.Google Scholar

85 Convention on the OECD (note 24), at Art. 1.Google Scholar

86 Blanpain (note 34), at 34.Google Scholar

87 Rules of Procedure of the Organisation (note 37), at rules 22(a), 18(a)(iii).Google Scholar

88 Resolution of the Council on the Terms of Reference of the Investment Committee, C(2004)3, 22 April 2004, Art. 3 no. 3.Google Scholar

89 Committee on International Investment and MNEs (CIME), Experience with the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, DAFFE/IME(98)15, 3 November 1998, para. 11; Blanpain (note 34), 31.Google Scholar

90 Rules of Procedure of the Organisation (note 37), at rule 21(b).Google Scholar

91 The Investment Committee: Strategy and Organisation, ‚Mandate of the Working Party of the Investment Committee', DAF/INV(2004)1, 20 September 2004, para. 1(i).Google Scholar

92 Argentina (1997), Brazil (1997), Chile (1997), Egypt (2007), Estonia (2001), Israel (2002), Latvia (2004), Lithuania (2001), Romania (2005) and Slovenia (2002).Google Scholar

93 Convention on the OECD (note 24), Art. 5(a); cf. above at Part B I 2a.Google Scholar

94 See CIME, Aide-mémoire of the informal consultations between BIAC, TUAC, NGOs and the CIME Working Party on the Guidelines on the Review of the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, held on 14 April 2000, DAFFE/IME(2000)13, 15 May 2000, paras. 9–13.Google Scholar

95 CIME, Aide-mémoire of the informal consultations between BIAC, TUAC, NGOs and the CIME Working Party on the Guidelines on the Review of the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, held on 14 April 2000, DAFFE/IME(2000)13, 15 May 2000, paras. 9–13.Google Scholar

96 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Procedural Guidance, II 3 b): “The Committee will consider a substantiated submission by an adhering country or an advisory body on whether an NCP is responsible with regard to its handling of specific instances.” Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Commentary on the Implementation Procedures, para. 4: “[The Committee] is the OECD body responsible for overseeing the functioning of the Guidelines”; see Report of the International Law Association, Berlin Conference (2004), Accountability of International Organisations, reprinted in: 1 International Organizations Law Review 221, 237 (2004).Google Scholar

97 Compare above at A I.Google Scholar

98 Pulp mill project: CEDHA appeals to OECD Investment Committee over Finnish NCP handling of Botnia S.A. specific instance, 23 January 2007, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/CEDHA_vs_Botnia_PR_InvCom.pdf.Google Scholar

99 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Procedural Guidance, chapter II 3c.Google Scholar

100 They are contained in the annual reports of TUAC and in the annual reports of the Investment Committee on the NCPs.Google Scholar

101 Ministerial Booklet (note 2), at Commentary on the Implementation Procedures of the Guidelines for MNEs, para. 23.Google Scholar

102 See Report of the International Law Association, Berlin Conference (2004), Accountability of International Organisations, reprinted in 1 International Organizations Law Review 221, 237 (2004).Google Scholar

103 In July 2004, the Swiss NCP made a formal request for clarification to the Investment Committee concerning the applicability of the Guidelines and the admissibility of the case because the company was based in Switzerland and not in a foreign country. In its reply the Committee recognized that the Guidelines were applicable to both domestic and international operations of companies, but it stressed the fact that the implementation procedures involving NCPs had been created to deal with issues arising in the context of international investment and in conclusion merely encouraged the Swiss NCP to address the issue in terms of how to further the effectiveness of the Guidelines. Cf. Trade Union Advisory Committee (TUAC), TUAC Internal analysis of the treatment of cases raised with national contact points February 2001-April 2007, at 18, available at: http://www.oecdwatch.org/docs/TUAC_ListOfCases_Feb2007.pdf.Google Scholar

104 Compare above at B I.Google Scholar

105 The procedures taken to revise the Guidelines in 2000 are the result of the lessons learned from the experience the OECD made during the negotiations for a Multilateral Agreement on Investment (MAI) in 1998 when NGO opposition took the OECD and the MAI negotiators by surprise and forced the supporting governments to drop out of the negotiations. See Günter Metzges, NGO-Kampagnen und ihr Einfluss auf internationale Verhandlungen 69 (2006); Salzman (note 21), at 189, 196.Google Scholar

106 Amnesty International, ANPED, Alliance of Northern Peoples for Environment and Development, Friends of the, Friends of the Earth, GERMANWATCH, OXFAM, Reform the World Campaign, SOMO, Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations, TOBI, NGO Task Force on Business and Industry; Tradecraft Exchange, World-Wide Fund for Nature. See Working Party on the Guidelines, OECD Guidelines for MNEs Proposals Submitted by BIAC TUAC and NGOs, DAFFE/IME/WPG/RD(2000)16, 9 May 2000.Google Scholar

107 Committee for Investment and Multinational Enterprises, Aide-mémoire of the informal consultations between BIAC, TUAC, NGOs and the CIME Working Party on the Guidelines on the Review of the OECD Guidelines for MNEs, DAFFE/IME(2000)13, 15 May 2000, para. 2.Google Scholar

108 Report of the International Law Association, Berlin Conference (2004), Accountability of International Organisations, reprinted in: 1 International Organizations Law Review 221, 230 (2004).Google Scholar

109 Jan Klabbers, The Changing Image of International Organisations, in The Legitimacy of International Organisations 221, 244 (J.-C. Coicaud & V. Heiskanen eds., 2001).Google Scholar

110 Steve Charnovitz, Nongovernmental Organisations and International Law, 100 American Journal of International Law 348, 363 (2006); Ruth W. Grant & Robert O. Keohane, Accountability and Abuses of Power in World Politics, 99/1 American Political Science Review 29, 38 (2005); Günter Metzges, NGO-Kampagnen und ihr Einfluss auf internationale Verhandlungen 189 (2006).Google Scholar

111 Report of the International Law Association, Berlin Conference (2004), Accountability of International Organisations, reprinted in: 1 International Organizations Law Review 221, 229 (2004).Google Scholar

112 Report by the Chair, 2007 Annual Meeting of the National Contact Points, (2007) available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/26/39319743.pdf, forms part of the forthcoming Annual Report on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 2007.Google Scholar

113 Compare above at Part B IV 1.Google Scholar

114 See. Ministerial Booklet (note 2), The Procedural Guidance, chapter I C 4. NCPs are advised to take appropriate steps to protect sensitive business information, cf. Ministerial Booklet (note 2), Commentary on the Implementation Procedure of the Guidelines for MNEs, no. 19.Google Scholar

115 Compare above at Part B IV 1.Google Scholar

116 Report by the Chair, 2007 Annual Meeting of the National Contact Points 15 (2007), available at: http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/23/26/39319743.pdf; see Michael Klinkenberg, Die Leitsätze der OECD für multinationale Unternehmen, 101 Zeitschrift für vergleichende Rechtswissenschaft 421, 428 (2002); Cornelia Heydenreich, Die OECD-Leitsätze für multinationale Unternehmen – Ein wirksames Instrument zur Unternehmensregulierung? 7, May 2005, available at: http://www.germanwatch.org/tw/kw05ls.pdf.Google Scholar

117 For a critical assessment of the United States’ implementation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, see Christopher N. Franciose, A Critical Assessment of the United States’ Implementation of the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, 30 Boston College Intl & Comparative Law Review 229, 232 (2007).Google Scholar

118 Zerk (note 18), at 243.Google Scholar

119 Compare above at B V.Google Scholar