Addressing environmental problems like climate change urgently requires the acceleration of sustainability transitions. This Intelligence Briefing explains why this is starting to happen for technical innovations like renewable energy technologies and electric vehicles. Drawing on socio-technical transitions theory, it discusses five acceleration mechanisms that reduce cost, improve performance, change actor orientations, mobilise finance, and increase socio-political support. While not denying their potential relevance, the Briefing also shows that these acceleration mechanisms are not (yet) being activated for social innovations and deep lifestyle change. The Briefing, therefore, also criticises wishful thinking tendencies in some sustainability transformation research strands.

Sustainability transitions should accelerate to address environmental problems like climate change and biodiversity loss. This Intelligence Briefing aims to explain the empirical phenomenon that rapid transitions are starting to happen with regard to several low-carbon technologies (like solar-PV, wind, and electric vehicles), but not with regard to transformative social innovations or lifestyle changes. It identifies and discusses five reasons that help explain this difference: increasing-returns-to-adoption mechanisms; socio-technical feedbacks between technology, actors, and institutions; financial reorientation; issue linkage to wider political goals; and societal acceptance. It further suggests that technical innovations can act as a flywheel or catalyst for subsequent social innovations. And it makes critical comparisons between the socio-technical transitions literature and some approaches in the transformations literature, finding the former more theoretically developed, empirically validated, and policy relevant than the latter for the topic of acceleration.

Low-carbon technologies are starting to accelerate sustainability transitions, while purely social innovations linger.

Europe’s transition to renewable energy depends not only on deploying more wind and solar farms but also on upgrading the electricity grids that connect them to where electricity is needed. However, insufficient progress in expanding high-voltage transmission networks is threatening further decarbonisation. This research examines two major cross-border grid projects aiming at linking Norway with Germany (NordLink) and the UK (NorthConnect). By investigating their development paths, we show how technical, political, and regulatory considerations shape progress and provide evidence to why some projects succeed while others stall – insights that can help accelerate clean energy transitions.

Accelerating renewable energy deployment in northern Europe exposes growing imbalances between electricity generation and the required grid capacity, creating bottlenecks such as curtailment and long connection queues. While addressing these challenges calls for large-scale and coordinated electricity grid expansion, many current projects are either delayed or cancelled. In this paper, we propose a novel conceptual framework that merges large technical systems and more contemporary sociotechnical transition approaches to explain how economic, technical, political, and institutional dynamics influence these network transitions. We apply this to analyse two interconnector projects: NordLink (Norway–Germany) and NorthConnect (Norway–UK). We draw on qualitative data, including interviews with developers, regulators, and policymakers, to identify critical branching points that influenced project trajectories. Our comparative analysis reveals how differing regulatory environments, forms of public contestation, and state strategies mediate the alignment or misalignment between accelerated renewable generation and network reconfiguration. By contrasting a completed (NordLink) and a stalled (NorthConnect) project, we highlight the infrastructural dimension of accelerated transitions, and provide insights into how governance approaches might better synchronise technological innovation and infrastructure development.

Interconnectors are critical for energy transitions. We investigate why some projects are successful and others stall.

Achieving sustainability and climate goals requires accelerating the transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy. This study explores how and why Australia’s electricity transition has accelerated in recent years. By examining developments in solar and wind technologies, policies, and public attitudes, the research uncovers the feedback mechanisms and ‘tipping points’ that have driven progress and those that now risk slowing it. The findings provide new insights for policymakers and investors seeking to sustain momentum in clean energy transitions while managing emerging social, technical, and policy challenges.

Understanding the mechanisms that accelerate sustainability transitions is critical for achieving climate targets. This study provides new empirical insights through a socio-technical analysis of Australia’s electricity transition, focusing on wind and solar photovoltaic. Integrating theories of multi-level transitions, acceleration dynamics, and positive tipping points, we develop a taxonomy of feedback mechanisms relating to niche acceleration, regime decline, and niche deceleration. Using longitudinal analysis, process tracing, and qualitative system dynamics, we identify, categorise, and map 25 reinforcing and balancing feedbacks influencing the pace and direction of change. The analysis shows that Australia’s transition has unfolded through alternating periods of acceleration and deceleration in technology diffusion, shaped by interacting techno-economic, policy, and social actor feedbacks. Early public support and targeted policies triggered acceleration in the 2000s, while major cost reductions and industry advocacy reinforced momentum after 2016. Reinforcing feedbacks driving fossil-fuel regime decline emerged only once renewables reached a critical market share, whereas new balancing feedbacks, such as grid constraints, supply chain pressures, and policy misalignment, now present deceleration risks. The study advances understanding of acceleration dynamics by explicitly mapping causal feedback structures and revealing their sequencing, comparative strength, and cumulative effects. These insights inform adaptive policy strategies to sustain transition momentum.

Unpacking the feedbacks that are accelerating and slowing Australia’s clean energy transition.