Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-2n9c9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-15T11:57:32.278Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Democratization Studies: Citizenship, Globalization and Governance

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 March 2014

Jean Grugel
Get accessRights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Democratization studies has tended to understand democracy a pro-Western political regime build around liberal norms and government. This approach provides clarity, but cannot explain the varied political experiences and outcomes within contemporary processes of ‘democratization’. At the same time, it fails to capture the range of meanings invested in the term ‘democracy’. Starting from the premise that democracy's appeal rests on its emancipatory potential, this article proposes reconceptualzing what is meant by democratization, drawing in ideas from identity politics and citizenship studies while, at the same time, placing the impetus for democratization in the framework of global transformation.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
Government and Opposition , Volume 38 , Issue 2 , 2003, pp. 238 - 264
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2003.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1 Lipset, S. M., Political Man, London, Heinemann, 1960 Google Scholar; Rostow, W. W., The Process of Economic Growth, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1960 Google Scholar; Almond, G. A. and Verba, S., The Civic Culture: Political Attitude and Democracy in Five Nations, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press, 1963 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Pye, L., Aspects of Political Development, Boston, Little, Brown, 1966 Google Scholar; and Rustow, D., ‘Transition to democracy: toward a dynamic model’, Comparative Politics, 2:3 (1970), pp. 337–65CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Huntington, S. P., Political Order in Changing Societies, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1968 Google Scholar.

3 W. W. Rustow, The Process of Economic Growth, op. cit.

4 Remmer, K., ‘Theoretical Decay and Theoretical Development: The Resurgence of Institutional Analysis’, World Politics, 50 (10 1997), pp. 34–61 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

5 Diamond, L., ‘Is the Third Wave Over?’, Journal of Democracy, 7:3 (1996), pp. 20–37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Huntington, S. P., The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, New York, Simon & Schuster, 1996 Google Scholar.

6 S. P. Huntington, Political Order in Changing Societies, op. cit. and Huntington, S. P., The Third Wave: Democratization in theLate Twentieth Century, Norman, Okla., University of Oklahoma Press, 1991 Google Scholar.

7 O'Donnell, G., Schmitter, P. and Whitehead, L. (eds), Transitions from Authoritarian Rule, (4 Volumes) Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1986 Google Scholar.

8 See Potter, D., Goldblatt, D., Kiloh, M., and Lewis, P. (eds), Democratization, Cambridge, Open University/Polity Press, 1997 Google Scholar, for a review of this extensive literature.

9 Przeworski, A. and Limongi, F., ‘Modernization: theories and facts’, World Politics, 49:2 (1997), pp. 155–83CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 Diamond, L., Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation, London, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999 Google Scholar.

11 Karl, T. L. and Schmitter, P., ‘Modes of Transition in Latin America, Southern Europe and Eastern Europe’ International Social Science Journal, 128 (05 1991), pp. 269–84Google Scholar.

12 Bunce, V., ‘Comparing East and South’, Journal of Democracy, 6:3 (1995), pp. 87–100 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bunce, V., ‘Should Transitologists be Grounded?’, Slavic Review, 54 (1995), pp. 111–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 Parrot, B., ‘Perspectives on postcommunist democratization’ in Dawisha, K. and Parrot, B. (eds), Politics, Power and the Struggle for Democracy in South-East Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 1–39 Google Scholar.

14 Bunce, V., ‘What postcommunist regimes have taught us about democratization’, paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, Washington DC, 08 30–September 3, 2000 Google Scholar.

15 See, for example, Linz, J. and Stepan, A., Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation: South Europe, South America, and Post-Communist Europe, Baltimore, Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996 Google Scholar.

16 Weir, S. and Beetham, D., Political Power and Democratic Control in Britain, London, Routledge, 1999 Google Scholar.

17 Kaldor, M. and Vejvoda, I., ‘Democratization in Central and East European Countries’, International Affairs, 73:1 (1997), pp. 59–82 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Collier, D. and Levitsky, S., ‘Democracy with adjectives: conceptual innovation in comparative research’, World Politics, 49:4 (1997), pp. 403–451 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 L. Diamond, Developing Democracy, op. cit.

20 Kopecky, P. and Mudde, C., ‘What has Eastern Europe taught us about the democratization literature (and vice versa)?’, European Journal of Political Research, 37:4 (2000), pp. 517–39, p. 519 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

21 Ibid.

22 For a good review of the various theoretical approaches taken within post-communist studies, see King, C., ‘Post-Postcommunism Transition, Comparison and the End of Eastern Europe’, World Politics, 53 (10 2000), pp. 143–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 O'Donnell, G., ‘Delegative Democracy’, Journal ofDemocracy, 5:1 (1994), pp. 1355–69Google Scholar; O'Donnell, G., ‘Reflections on Contemporary South American Democracies’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 33 (2001), pp. 599–603 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Peruzzotti, E. offers a ritical review of O'Donnell's argument in ‘The Nature of the New Argentina Democracy. The Delegative Democracy Argument revisited’, Journal of Latin American Studies, 33 (2001), pp. 133–55Google Scholar.

24 P. Kopecky and C. Mudde, ‘What has Eastern Europe taught us …?’, op. cit.

25 V. Bunce, ‘What postcommunist regimes have taught us about democratization’, op. cit.

26 Jelin, E. E. and Hersberg, E. (eds), Constructing Democracy: Human Rights, Citizenship and Society in Latin America, Boulder, Colo., Westview Press, 1996 Google Scholar; Marshall, T. H., Class, Citizenship and Social Development, Westport, Conn., Greenwood Press, 1973 Google Scholar.

27 On the rise of transnational activism, see Keck, M. and Sikkink, K., Activists Beyond Borders, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1998 Google Scholar, and Rupert, M., Ideologies of Globalization: Contending Visions of a New World Order, London, Routledge, 2000 Google Scholar. Peruzzotti, E. discusses the relative absence of citizenship approaches to democratization in ‘Towards a New Politics: Citizenship and Rights in Contemporary Argentina’, Citizenship Studies, 6:1 (2002), pp. 77–93 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

28 Hutchins, K., ‘Modelling Democracy’, in Smith, H. (ed.), Democracy and International Relations, London, Macmillan, 2000, pp. 31–50, p. 50 Google Scholar.

29 E. E. Jelin and E. Hershberg, Constructing Democracy, op. cit., p. 2.

30 L. Diamond, Developing Democracy, op. cit.

31 Macpherson, C. B., The Life and Times of Liberal Democracy, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1977 Google Scholar; Pateman, C., Participation and Democratic Theory, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1970 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

32 C. Pateman, ibid.

33 Pateman, C., The Sexual Contract, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1988 Google Scholar; Phillips, A., Engendering Democracy, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1991 Google Scholar.

34 Phillips, A., Which Equalities Matter?, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1999 Google Scholar.

35 Weale, A., Democracy, London, Macmillan, 1999, p. 212 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 E. Jelin, ‘Citizenship revisited: solidarity, responsibility and rights’ in E. Jelin and E. Hersberg (eds), Constructing Democracy. op. cit., pp. 101–20, p. 104.

37 Freeman, M., ‘Human rights, democracy and ‘Asian values’, Pacific Review, 9:3 (1996) pp. 352–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

38 Pridham, G. G., ‘International influences and democratic transition: problems of theory and practice in linkage politics’ in Pridham, G. (ed.), Encouraging Democracy: The International Context of Regime Transition in Southern Europe, London, University of Leicester Press, 1991, pp. 1–30, p. 1Google Scholar.

39 Whitehead, L., ‘Three international dimensions of democratization’ in Whitehead, L. (ed.), The International Dimension of Democratization: Europe and the Americas, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. 3–25 Google Scholar; Schmitter, P., ‘The influence of the international context upon the choice of national institutions and policies in neodemocracies’ in Whitehead, L. (ed.), The International Dimensions of Democratization, pp. 26–54 Google Scholar.

40 Held, D., Models of Democracy, 2nd edn, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1996, pp. 297–8Google Scholar.

41 Holm, H. and Sorensen, G., Whose World Order? Uneven Globalization and the End of the Cold War, Boulder, Colo., Lynne Rienner, 1995 Google Scholar.

42 M. Rupert, Ideologies of Globalization, op.cit. p. 32.

43 Green, D. and Griffith, M., ‘Globalization and its discontents’, International Affairs, 78:1 (2002), pp. 49–68 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

44 Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D. and Perraton, J., Global Transformation: Politics, Economics and Culture, Cambridge, Polity Press, 1999, p. 16 Google Scholar.

45 Rueschemeyer, W. W., Stephens, D. E. and Stephens, J., Capitalist Development and Democracy, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1992 Google Scholar.

46 D. Held, Models of Democracy, op. cit., pp. 345–7.

47 Cerny, P., ‘Plurilateralism, Structural Differentiation and Functional Conflict in the Post-Cold War World Order’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, 22:1 (1993), pp. 1–33 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; O'Brien, R., Goetz, A., Scholte, J. A. and Williams, M., Contesting Global Governance: Multilateral Economic Institutions and Global Social Movements, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Payne, A., ‘The Study of Governance in a Global Political Economy’ in Phillips, N. (ed.), Globalising International Political Economy, London, Palgrave, 2003 Google Scholar.

49 O'Brien et al., Contesting Global Govenance, op.cit., p. 3.

50 Huber, E., Rueschmeyer, E. D. and Stephens, J. D., ‘The Paradoxes of Contemporary Democracy. Formal Participatory and Social Dimensions’, Comparative Politics, 29:3 (1997), pp. 323–37, p. 330CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

51 Cammack, P., ‘The Mother of All Governments: The World Bank's Matrix for Global Government’, Wilkinson, R. and Hughes, S. (eds), Global Governance: Critical Perspectives, London, Routledge, 2002 Google Scholar.

52 Crawford, G., ‘Foreign Aid and Political Conditionality: Issues of Effectiveness and Consistency’, Democratization, 4:3 (1997), pp. 69–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

53 Whitehead, L., ‘The alternative to “liberal democracy” a Latin American perspective’, Political Studies, XL, Special Issue: Prospects for Democracy(1992), pp. 146–59Google Scholar.

54 Kopstein, J. and Reilly, D., ‘Geographic Diffusion and the Transformation of the Postcommunist World’, World Politics, 53 (10 2000), pp. 1–37 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

55 Grugel, J., Democratization: A Critical Introduction, London, Palgrave, 2002 Google Scholar.

56 D. Held, Models of Democracy, op.cit; Held, D., ‘The Transformation of Political Community’, in Shapiro, I. and Hacker-Cordon, C. (eds), Democracy's Edges, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999, pp. 84–111 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 D. Held, ‘The Transformation of Political Community’, p. 91.

58 Held, D., Models of Democracy, p. 343 Google Scholar.

59 Ibid.

60 Smith, H., ‘Why is There No International Democratic Theory?’, in Smith, H. (ed.), Democracy and International Relations Critical Theories/Problematic Practices, London, Macmillan, 2000, pp. 1–30 Google Scholar.

61 K. Hutchins, ‘Modelling Democracy’, op.cit.

62 Kymlicka, W., ‘Citizenship in an era of globalization: commentary on Held’, in Shapiro, I. and Hacker-Cordon, C. (eds), Democracy's Edges, pp. 112–26Google Scholar.

63 Thaa, W., ‘“Lean Citizenship”: The Fading Away of the Political in Transnational Democracy’, European Journal of International Relations, 7:4 (2001), pp. 503–23CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64 Axtmann, R., ‘What's wrong with cosmopolitan democracy?’, paper presented to Conference, The Future ofDemocracy, 22–4 02 2002, Gregynog Hall, University of Wales Google Scholar.

65 Hobson, J. and Ramesh, M., ‘Globalisation Makes of States What States Make of It: Between Agency and Structure in the State/Globalisation Debate’, New Political Economy, 7:1 (2002), pp. 5–22 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

66 Patomaki, H. and Teivainen, T., ‘Critical responses to neoliberal globalization in the MERCOSUR region: roads towards cosmopolitan democracy?’, Review of International Political Economy, 9:1 (2002), pp. 37–71 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Fox, G. and Roth, B., ‘Democracy and International Law’, Review of International Studies, 27 (2001), pp. 327–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

68 Dower, N., ‘Citizenship in a Global Context’, paper presented to the Conference, Global Civil Society: Critical Engagements, 09 2001, University of Aberystwith Google Scholar.

69 B. Ackerley and S. M. Okin, ‘Feminist social criticism and the international movements for women's rights as human rights’, in I. Shapiro and C. Hacker-Cordon (eds), Democracy's Edges, op. cit.; Cox, R., ‘Civil Society at the Turn of the Millennium: Prospects for an Alternative World Order’, Review of International Studies, 25:1 (1999), pp. 3–28 Google Scholar.

70 Kenny, M., ‘Interpreting ‘global civil society’, paper presented to the Conference, Global Civil Society: Critical Engagements, 09 2001, University of Aberystwith Google Scholar.

71 Kaldor, M., ‘Transnational civil society’, in Dunn, T. and Wheeler, N. (eds), Human Rights in Global Politics, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2000, pp. 195–213 Google Scholar. Kaldor, M., ‘Civilising globalisation? The implications of the “battle in Seattle’’, Millennium. Journal of International Studies, 29:1 (2000), pp. 105–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

72 Kaldor, M., ‘Transnational Civil Society’, p. 195 Google Scholar.

73 Kaldor, M., ‘Civilising Globalisation?’, p. 206 Google Scholar.

74 M. Rupert, Ideologies of Globalization, op. cit.

75 Harvey, N., The Chiapas Rebellion: The Struggle for Land and Democracy, Durham, NC, Duke University Press, 1999 Google Scholar.

76 Thaib, L., Political Dimensions of Islam in Southeast Asia, Department of Political Science, Universiti Kebangsaan, Malaysia, 1996 Google Scholar.

77 M. Kaldor, ‘Civilising Globalisation?’.

78 Smith, J., Chatfield, C. and Pagnucco, R. (eds), Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics, Syracuse, Syracuse University Press, 1997 Google Scholar.

79 M. Keck and K. Sikkink, Activists Beyond Borders, op. cit; Risse, T., Ropp, S. and Sikkink, K. (eds), The Politics of Human Rights: International Norms and Domestic Change, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

80 MacDonald, L., Supporting Civil Society: The Political Role of Non-Governmental Organizations in Central America, London, Macmillan, 1997 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Grugel, J. (ed.), Democracy Without Borders: Transnationalization and Conditionally in New Democracies, London, Routledge, 1999 Google Scholar; Piper, N. and Uhlin, A. (eds), Transnational Actiivsm: Strategies, Issues and Organizations, London, Routledge, 2003 Google Scholar.

81 Scholte, J. A., ‘Civil Society and Democratisation of the International Monetary Fund’ in Vandersluis, S. O. and Yeros, P. (eds), Poverty in World Politics: Whose Global Era?, London, Macmillan, 1999, pp. 91–116 Google Scholar; Casaburi, G., Riggirozzi, M. P., Tuozzo, M. F. and Tussie, D., ‘Multilateral Development Banks, Governments and Civil Society: Chiaroscuros in a Triangular Relationship’, Global Governance, 6 (2000), pp. 25–47 Google Scholar.