^{page 170 note 1} Etymologiae, xii. 4. 6–9.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 2} Theriaca, 396.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 3} See, for instance, Gosse, P. H., Romance of Natural History (London, 1860)Google Scholar, on the consequences of handling a rat killed by a cobra.

^{page 170 note 4} FitzSimons, F. W., The Snakes of South Africa (Capetown, 1912).Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 5} De bestiis venenum eiaculantibus, I. xviii and xxxiv.Google Scholar

^{page 170 note 6} N.H. viii. 32 f.Google Scholar

^{page 171 note 1} Rackham, H. (Loeb edition, London, 1947)Google Scholar suggests has or eos. It is clearly the weasels that are thrown into the basilisks' holes; has should be accepted.

^{page 172 note 1} Wilkinson, J. G., Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians (London, 1837–1841).Google Scholar For an account of its later use see Bellonius, Petrus, Plurimarum Singularium…, Latin translation by Clusius, C. (Antwerp, 1589).Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 2} Ditmars, R. L., Reptiles of the World (London, 1910).Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 3} Pharsalia, ix. 828ff.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 4} De Nat. Anim. ii. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 5} e.g. Ov. Metam. iv. 774 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 6} Pliny, , N.H. viii. 32.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 7} Paus. ii. 36 f.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 8} See Armstrong, E. A., ‘Diversionary Display’, in The Ibis, xci (1949), 88–97 and 179–87.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 9} See Mayaud, N. in Grassé, P.-P., Traité de zoologie, xv (Paris, 1950), 713 f.Google Scholar

^{page 172 note 10} For an account of the symbolic value of the cobra in ancient Egypt see Clark, R. T. Rundle, Myth and Symbol in Ancient Egypt (London, 1959).Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 1} N.H. xi. 44.Google Scholar

^{page 173 note 2} Illustrated in Maiuri, A., Roman Painting (Geneva, 1953).Google Scholar The teeth are hopelessly wrong.

^{page 173 note 3} Hieroglyphica, i. i.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 1} See Budge, E. A. W., The Gods of the Egyptians (London, 1904).Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 2} N.H. xxix. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 3} Canon Medicinae, iv. 6. 3. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 4} De Theriaca ad Pisonem, viii.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 5} De Simplicium Medicamentorum Temperamentis ac Facultatibus, x (xii. 250 Kühn).Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 6} See also several bronze figures of Isis in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge; for instance, E.3. 1937.

^{page 174 note 7} Aesch. P.V. 792ff.

^{page 174 note 8} Ibid.; Apollod. Bibl. ii. 4. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 9} Diod. Sic. iii. 52. 4Google Scholar; Paus. ii. 21. 5f.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 10} Graves, R., The White Goddess (London, 1961).Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 11} Ther. 157.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 12} Arist. H.A. ix. 6Google Scholar; Nic. Ther. 190; etc.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 13} Isid. Etym. xii. 4. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 174 note 14} See ibid. xii. 4. 12, related to Psalm Iviii. 4f. The story may have been provoked by representations of the uroboros symbol (the serpent eating its own tail).

^{page 175 note 1} xxvii. 50 f.

^{page 175 note 2} Aldrovandus, U., De Serpentants (Bologna, 1640).Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 3} N.H. viii. 34.Google Scholar Compare Plato, Rep. i. 336d.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 4} Speculum Naturale, xx. 23.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 5} Li Livres dou Tresor, i. 140.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 6} Pseudodoxia Epidemica (London, 1646), iii. 7.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 7} De Universo, viii. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 8} De Bestiis et Aliis Rebus, iii. 41.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 9} For example, the bestiary translated in T. White, H., The Book of Beasts (London, 1954).Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 10} De Proprietatibus Rerum, xviii. 15.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 11} Spec. Nat. xx. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 175 note 12} Schedula Diversarum Artium, iii. 48Google Scholar, quoted in Thorndike, L., History of Magic and Experimental Science (New York, 1923), i. 771.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 1} Canon Medicinae, iv. 6. 3. 22.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 2} De Theriaca ad Pisonem, viii.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 3} Trinity College, Cambridge, R. 14. 9.

^{page 176 note 4} Herod. ii. 75 f., iii. 107.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 5} N.D. i. 36. 101.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 6} Antiq. ii. 10. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 7} i. 87. 6.

^{page 176 note 8} N.H. x. 40.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 9} Meinerhatzhagen, R., Nicoll's Birds of Egypt (London, 1930), 436–8.Google Scholar

^{page 176 note 10} Newton, A., A Dictionary of Birds (London, 1893–1896), i. 455Google Scholar, s.v. ‘Ibis’; Witherby, H. et al. , Handbook of British Birds (London, 1940), iiiGoogle Scholar, on Plegadis.

^{page 177 note 1} De Incarnatione Christi, vii. 5Google Scholar, referred to by Polívka, G. in Z. des Vereins für Volkskunde, xxviii (1918), 41–56Google Scholar, but not examined by me.

^{page 177 note 2} Quaestiones Physicae, xiv.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 3} For instance, Gesner, C., Historia Animalium (Zurich, 1551–1587)Google Scholar, and Agricola, G., De Animantibus Subterraneis (Basle, 1549).Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 4} Schedula Diversarum Artium, iii. 48.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 5} Physica, vii. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 6} De Naturis Rerum, cxx.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 7} De Proprietatibus Rerum, xii. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 8} Spec. Nat. xx, 24.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 9} De Animalibus, xxv. 19.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 10} Robin, P. Ansell, Animal Lore in English Literature (London, 1932).Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 11} Isaiah, lix. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 12} H.A. vi. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 177 note 13} Ottley, R. R., The Book of Isaiah according to the Septuagint (Cambridge, 1904–1906).Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 1} De Proprietatibus Renan, xii. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 2} Davaine, C. in C.R. Soc. Biol, Ser. 3, ii (1861), 183–263.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 3} Benoît, J. in Grassé, P.-P., Traité de zoologie, xv (Paris, 1950), 365.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 4} C. Davaine, loc. cit.

^{page 178 note 5} Dawes, B., The Trematoda (Cambridge, 1946), 331.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 6} Letter from DrLapage, G., 1961.Google Scholar

^{page 178 note 7} See J. Benoît, loc. cit. G. Lapage, loc. cit., believes that old reports of Heterakis in eggs may be due to misidentification of Ascaridia.

^{page 179 note 1} H.A. vi. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 2} Aelian, , De Nat. Anim. xvii. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 3} De Proprietatibus Rerum, xii. 16.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 4} Spec. Nat. xx. 24.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 5} Physica, vii. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 6} The History of Alexander the Great, being the Syriac version of the PseudoCallisthenes, ed. and trans, by Budge, E. A. W. (London, 1889).Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 7} Pseudodoxia Epidemica, iii. 7.Google Scholar

^{page 179 note 8} In Animal Lore in English Literature.

^{page 179 note 9} De Serpentants.

^{page 179 note 10} Mundus Subterraneus (Amsterdam, 1665).Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 1} Le Liber Pontificalis (Paris, 1955–1997), ii 110.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 2} Encelius, C., De Re Metallica (Frankfurt, 1557), iii. 54.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 3} De Nat. Anim. iii. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 4} Historia de Preliis from Pfister's paper in Münchener Museum, i. 265.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 5} See, for instance, Apollod. Bibl. ii. 4. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 180 note 6} I am obliged to the Cambridge University Librarian and to University College, Oxford, for permission to use the illustrations.