^{page 98 note 1} The major sources (Plut. Marius 35. 5–43. 3Google Scholar and Appian, B.C. i. 57. 1–70. 7)Google Scholar will not be cited in what follows for evidence taken from them except for special points.

^{page 98 note 2} ‘The Ethics and Amenities of Greek Historiography’, A.J.P. xviii (1897), 255 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 98 note 3} Them. 24. 1–31. 4Google Scholar; cf. the flight to an island, 24. i; help from a foreign woman living with an inimical king, 24. 3; mediation of Persian king's envoy, 27. 2; continual reference to dreams and portents.

^{page 98 note 4} Athenaeum, xii (1934), 371.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 1} Appian, , B.C. i. 57. 1–2.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 2} Plut. Sulla 12. 9.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 3} Ibid. 6. 9.

^{page 99 note 4} Cf. id. Crassus 2. 8Google Scholar, Marins 14. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 5} Contrast Marius 35. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 99 note 6} Appian, , B.C. i. 57. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 1} See Broughton, T. R. S., The Magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York, 1951–1952), ii. 43 f.Google Scholar; and on the relationship, R.E. xiv. 1848Google Scholar, s.v. ‘Marius’, No. 73.

^{page 100 note 2} Appian, , B.C. i. 57. 4–58. 2Google Scholar; Plut. Sulla 9. 2–5.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 3} Appian, , B.C. i. 57. 6–7.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 4} Passerini, , op. cit. 369.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 5} Florus iii. 21. 7.

^{page 100 note 6} Plut. Sulla 9. 6Google Scholar; Appian, , B.C. i. 58. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 7} Cf. Passerini, , op. cit. 287, n. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 100 note 8} Appian, , B.C. i. 58. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 1} Sulla 9. IGoogle Scholar; Marius 35. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 2} Cf. Bennett, H., Cinna and his Times (Menasha, 1923), 34–35Google Scholar; incidentally, pp. 24–35 show that even the ‘Marian Massacre’ was of very limited extent and occurred after great provocation.

^{page 101 note 3} Val. Max. iii. 8. 5; Florus, iii. 21. 8, mentions a senatus consultimi.

^{page 101 note 4} Plut. Marius 35. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 5} Appian, , B.C. i. 60. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 6} R.E. xiv. 1812Google Scholar, s.v. ‘Marius consulis filius’. Broughton (op. cit. ii. 47, 52, n. 2)Google Scholar thinks that Gratidianus was not outlawed; but there may be some confusion in the source: cf. Bennett, op. cit. 7 f. Gratidianus' praenomen was Marcus, not Gaius; see Sen. De Ira 3. 18. I.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 7} Plut. Sulla 32. 2Google Scholar; Val. Max. ix. 2. I.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 8} Cic. Brut. 45. 168.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 9} Appian, , B.C. i. 59. I f.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 10} Broughton, , op. cit. ii. 40Google Scholar; cf. Last, H. in C.A.H. ix. 207.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 11} Plut. Marius 35. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 101 note 12} Ibid. 36. 3.

^{page 102 note 1} Plut. Marita 38. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 2} Sall. Iug. 84. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 3} Sulla planted four colonies there: cf. Badian, E., ‘Caepio and Norbanus’, Historia, vi (1957), 335, 343 n. 192, 346.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 4} Vell, . i. 15. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 5} Pace Badian, , op. cit. 344–6Google Scholar; cf. Val. Max. ix. 3. 8Google Scholar, Gabba, E., Athenaeum, xxix (1951), 258–61.Google Scholar Sulla planted four colonies there.

^{page 102 note 6} M. Marius founded a city there in 102 (Broughton, , op. cit. i. 568Google Scholar); in the north-west, which had been Marius' province, were the Montes Mariani (cf. C.A.H. x. 651)Google Scholar; and a Sextus Marius had gold and copper mines there in a.d. 33 (Ibid. 647).

^{page 102 note 7} Gran. Lic. xxxv (p. 16 Teubner).Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 8} Gsell, S., Histoire ancienne de l'Afrique du Nord (Paris, 1914–1929), vii. 276.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 9} Plut. Marius 35. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 102 note 10} Cf. Appian, B.C. i. 60. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 1} Diod. xxxv. 38. I.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 2} Plut. Marins 35. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 3} Valgiglio, E., Plutarco: Vita di Mario (Firenze, 1956), 162.Google Scholar It is, however, possible that Plutarch is confusing this farm with another, named by L. Marius, legate of C. Pomptinus, after the Gallic town he took in 61–60 (Dio Cassius, xxxvii. 48. I).Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 4} Plut. Marius 35. 6 f.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 5} Appian, B.C. i. 62. 5Google Scholar; cf. Plut. Marius 40. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 103 note 6} Livy, , Epit. lxxvii.Google Scholar Velleius, ii. 19. 2, says that cavalry found him in a Laurentine marsh, but Plut. Sulla 10. 4Google Scholar and Oros. v. 19. 6 seem to agree with Livy.

^{page 103 note 7} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 163.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 1} Lastin, H.C.A.H. ix. 206.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 2} Cf. Holmes, T. Rice, C.Q. iii (1909), 26–39.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 3} Plut. Pomp. 2. 4Google Scholar; F. Münzer, however, distinguishes between this Geminius and Plutarch's, s.v. ‘Geminius’ in R.E. vii. 1024.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 4} R.E. xxi. 2051–2.Google Scholar His father, Strabo, had not yet connived at the murder of Pompeius Rufus; cf. Broughton, , op. cit. ii. 40.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 5} Ibid. ii. 2.

^{page 104 note 6} Bloch, G. and Carcopino, J., Histoire romaine, ii (Paris, 1952), 395.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 7} Plut. Stala 6. 10.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 8} Id. Pomp. 2. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 9} Id. Sulla 8. 3Google Scholar; Appian, B.C. i. 56.Google Scholar 3. Cf. Plut. Marius 35. 1–4Google Scholar and Passerini, op. cit. 363–4 on the association.Google Scholar

^{page 104 note 10} Cic. Off. ii. 21. 73.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 1} Op. cit. 372.

^{page 105 note 2} Planc, 10. 26Google Scholar, ‘fessum inedia fluctibusque’.

^{page 105 note 3} Probably; cf. Passerini, , op. cit. 371, n. I.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 4} Val. Max. viii. 2. 3; Plut. Marius 38. 3–6.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 5} Frank, T., An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome (Baltimore, 1933–1940), i. 262.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 6} Val. Max. i. 5. 5; all Cicero's references indicate active help given to Marius by the people of Minturnae: Or. iii. 2. 8Google Scholar, Rep. i. 3. 6Google Scholar, Sest. 22. 50Google Scholar, Fin. ii. 32. 105Google Scholar, Dom. 8. 20Google Scholar, Planc. 10. 26.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 7} Broughton, , op. cit. i. 471 f.Google Scholar, corrected by Badian, E., op. cit. 321.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 8} Plut. Marius 36. 3 f.Google Scholar and 37. I for the direction.

^{page 105 note 9} Cf. Valgiglio, , op. cit. 164 f.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 10} Plut. Marius 36. 5 f.Google Scholar; Appian, B.C. i. 61. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 105 note 11} Cic. Leg. i. I. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 1} Lydekker, R., Royal Natural History (London, 1893–1896), s.v.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

^{page 106 note 2} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 166Google Scholar, cites five instances: Stesichoros, Pindar, Aeschylus, Plato, and Horace.

^{page 106 note 3} Ibid. 167.

^{page 106 note 4} Passerini, , op. cit. 371.Google Scholar

^{page 106 note 5} Plut. Marias 17. 3, 24.Google Scholar 1, 31. 1; contrast 42. 5.

^{page 106 note 6} Cf. Ibid. 4. 1, 8. 4, 26. 2, 38. 5 f., 40. 6, 45. 3.

^{page 106 note 7} Ibid. 34. 1, 3.

^{page 107 note 1} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 171.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 2} Ibid., especially 169 f., 172.

^{page 107 note 3} Plut. Marius 37. IGoogle Scholar; on this passage see Carney, T. F., J.H.S. lxxx (1960), 29 f.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 4} Cf. Verg, . Aen. viii. 596.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 5} Plut. Sulla 10. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 6} Val. Max. ii. 10. 6; Sen. Contr. i. 1. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 7} Appian seems to know of this, B.C. i. 62. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 108 note 1} Marius a publicanus, Diod. xxxv. 38Google Scholar; associated with publicani, Syme, R., J.R.S. xxxiv (1944), 93, 107Google Scholar; villa at Baiae, Plut. Marius 34. 2Google Scholar; Campanian supporters, Gabba, E., Athenaeum, xxix (1951), 258–61.Google Scholar

^{page 108 note 2} Cf. Val. Max. ix. 3. 8Google Scholar; R. Syme, I.c.; Frank, T., op. cit. i. 277.Google Scholar

^{page 108 note 3} Pomp. 73. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 1} C.A.H. ix. 242, n. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 2} The personnel and subject-matter of many of the tales centre on lowly folk and homely scenes (the farm bailiff and the bean-cart; the skippers of the merchantmen; the houri enamoured of young Marius). There is repeated stress on the bizarre and the marvellous. The usual subjects of a Roman historian—political intrigue and the interplay of leading personalities—are not discussed.

^{page 109 note 3} Op. cit. 373.

^{page 109 note 4} Planc. 10. 26.Google Scholar

^{page 109 note 5} ii. 19. 4.

^{page 109 note 6} Appian, B.C. i. 61. 4–62. iGoogle Scholar; Val. Max. i.5.5; Plut. Marius 39. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 1} Of Jupiter; cf. Livy, xxvii. 37. 2.Google Scholar Jupiter had a similar tabooed grove in Spoletium: I.L.S. 4911.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 2} Oros. v. 21; for Sulla's disciplinary action against Minturnae—the establish ment of colonies—cf. Livy, Epit. lxxvii.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 3} Badian, E., op. cit. 332.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 4} Cf. Bang, M., Klio, x (1910), 178Google Scholar; Ensslin, W., Klio, xx (1926), 416.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 5} Cf. J. L. Strachan-Davidson's edition of Appian, B.C. i (1902)Google Scholar, note to 61. 62; and also Livy, , Epit. lxxviiGoogle Scholar; ominously, Cicero does not record the incident.

^{page 110 note 6} Cf. my article, ‘The Death of Marius’, Acta Classica, i (1958), 119–20.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 7} Marita 39. 1 f.Google Scholar

^{page 110 note 8} Cf. Val. Max. viii. 2. 3.

^{page 111 note 1} R.E. Supplbd. vi. 1413, s.v. ‘Marius’.

^{page 111 note 2} Op. cit. 178.

^{page 111 note 3} Cf. Sall. Cat. 47. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 4} Cf. the discussion above, which is substantiated by the misgivings of Weynand and Valgiglio.

^{page 111 note 5} Broughton, , op. cit. i. 575.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 6} Ibid. ii. 62, 70; Badian, E., op. cit. 335.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 7} Cic. Verr. ii. 36. 88 ff.Google Scholar

^{page 111 note 8} Ibid. 46. 113. This hospitality could only have been given to Marius en route to Africa, as he returned via Elba, Corsica, and Sardinia to Telamon; see Passerini, , op. cit. 373 f.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 1} Broughton, , op. cit. i. 565, n. 3Google Scholar; A.J.A. lii (1948), 323Google Scholar; Frank, T., An Economic Survey of Ancient Rome, i. 219Google Scholar, iv. 4, 19; A.J.P. xlvii (1926), 55Google Scholar, lviii (1937), 90; Grenier, A., C.R. Acad. Inscr. (1950), 352Google Scholar; Auct. B. Afr. 32, 35, 56.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 2} Sall. Iug. 65. 1–4.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 3} C.A.H. ix. 130, 279.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 4} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 190.Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 1} Appian, B.C. i. 62. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 2} Plut. Marius 40. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 3} Plutarch, Ibid. 40. 3, indicates that Marius expected him to do so.

^{page 113 note 4} Frank, T., op. cit. iv. 9Google Scholar; Bloch, G. and Carcopino, J., op. cit. 249, 252, 259 f.Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 5} Gsell, S., op. cit. vii. 276, nn. 4 f.Google Scholar

^{page 113 note 6} Plut. Sulla 3. 1–3, 5. 1, 6. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 1} Cf. Cic. Dom. 8. 20.Google Scholar The only request for aid specifically mentioned is the younger Marius' mission to Hiempsal (Plut. Marius 40. 2).Google Scholar The Gaetulians were the obvious target for another such request.

^{page 114 note 2} Weynand, , R.E. Suppl bd. vi. 1415Google Scholar, s.v. ‘Marius’.

^{page 114 note 3} Orosius (v. 19. 8) intimates that Marius secured the release of his son by pressure. This seems unlikely in view of Marius' lack of organized support at this time. Orosius' account here is faulty in other respects (e.g. he has the younger Marius imprisoned in Utica, which must be incorrect), and he probably is confused, as Gsell states (op. cit. vii. 278, n. I). At all events, Plutarch (Marius 40. 6)Google Scholar and Appian (B.C. i. 62. 5)Google Scholar both state that the Marian prisoners outwitted Hiempsal and escaped.

^{page 114 note 4} Plut. Marius 46. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 5} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 188.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 6} Implied also by Appian, B.C. i. 62. 4.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 1} Plut. Marius 40. 6 f.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 2} Cf. Gsell, S., op. cit. vii. 278, n. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 3} Plut. Marius 41. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 4} Op. cit. 374 f., n. I.

^{page 115 note 5} Marius 41. 3Google Scholar; this is unlikely in view of Bocchus' hostility.

^{page 115 note 6} Cf. Appian, B.C. i. 67. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 7} So Appian, I.c.; Passerini, , op. cit. 374Google Scholar; Bennett, , Cinna and his Times, p. 11 and n. 54.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 8} Appian, B.C. i. 63. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 9} Passerini, , op. cit. 374, n. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 10} Cf. Caes. 53Google Scholar, Marc. 30Google Scholar, Cat. Ma. 26Google Scholar, Pomp. 12Google Scholar, Sert. 27.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 11} Appian, B.C. i. 63. 2 f.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 1} Appian, , B.C. i. 64. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 2} Bennett, , op. cit. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 3} Ibid. 7.

^{page 116 note 4} Ibid. 8.

^{page 116 note 5} C.A.H. ix. 262.Google Scholar

^{page 116 note 6} Bennett, , op. cit. 9–11.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 1} Plut. Marius 41. 2Google Scholar; Appian, B.C. i. 67. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 2} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 192, 194.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 3} Appian, B.C. i. 62. 6.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 4} Plut. Sert. 5Google Scholar; Vell. ii. 20. 5Google Scholar; Livy, Epit. IxxxixGoogle Scholar; Auct. Vir. Ill. 67.Google Scholar 6; possibly Diod. xxxvii. 29. 3, οὐκ ἠρκέσθη τῇ καθόδῳ; Valgiglio, op. cit. 193 f.Google Scholar; Bennett, , op. cit. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 5} Passerini, , op. cit. 374.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 6} Broughton, , op. cit. i. 578, n. 4Google Scholar; A.J.A. lii (1948), 327Google Scholar and n. 22. Sulla later planted a colony there: Frank, T., op. cit. i. 220.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 7} T. Frank, I.e.; Badian, E., op. cit. 335, 346.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 8} Bennett, , op. cit. II.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 9} Valgiglio, , op. cit. II.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 10} Cf. Sherwin-White, A. N., J.R.S. xlvi (1956), 9.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 1} Broughton, , op. cit. ii. 42 and 45, n. 8.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 2} Plut. Sert. 5.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 3} Cf. Valgiglio, , op. cit., 195 f.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 4} Bennett, , op. cit. 12.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 5} Ibid. 21.

^{page 118 note 6} Plut. Marius 43. 1.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 7} Appian, B.C. i. 74.Google Scholar 4; cf. Bennett, , op. cit. 30, n. 31.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 8} Ibid. 31.

^{page 118 note 9} Plut. Marius 2. 1Google Scholar; cf. Goldscheider, L., Roman Portraits (London, 1940), No. 40.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 10} Plut. Marius 39. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 11} Ibid. 41. 4, Appian, B.C. i. 67. 3.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 12} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 194 f.Google Scholar

^{page 118 note 13} Plut. Marius 41.Google Scholar 4, Flor. iii. 21. 10, Cic. Dom. 8. 19.Google Scholar There is no indication in the sources of mental unbalance. Plutarch's picture of a mental breakdown (Marius 45. 2–7)Google Scholar in 87 is unsubstantiated elsewhere, and is unsound because argued from unhistorical grounds; cf. ‘The Death of Marius’ in Acta Classica, i (1958) 117–20.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 1} Bennett, , op. cit. 30 and 23, n. 112.Google Scholar

^{page 119 note 2} Citizenship for themselves and all who had deserted to them; possession of all plunder taken in war; return of all deserters by the Romans, coupled with retention on their own part of all captives.

^{page 120 note 1} C.A.H. ix. 262–4Google Scholar; Bloch, G. and Carcopino, J., op. cit. 399–402Google Scholar; Bennett, op. cit. 21 f.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 2} Appian, B.C. i. 69.Google Scholar 4 f., Diod. xxxviii. 3Google Scholar, Vell, . ii. 22. 2.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 3} Appian, B.C. i. 70. r.Google Scholar

^{page 120 note 4} Bennett, , op. cit. 21 f.Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 1} Appian, B.C. i. 71.Google Scholar 5, Vell. l.c., Cic. Tusc. 5. 19.Google Scholar 55, Ascon. in Cic. Scaur. p. 21Google Scholar; Bennett, , op. cit. 25.Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 2} Valgiglio, , op. cit. 202.Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 3} Bennett, , op. cit. 22 and n. III.Google Scholar

^{page 121 note 4} Bloch, G. and Carcopino, J., op. cit. 402.Google Scholar