A

Aeg. 777 (Dresden shroud), 37

Afterlife beliefs of Roman Egypt, 34–8

Agricola, 148

Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 126, 139

Agrippa Postumus, 121, 128

Alexander-motif, 133–44

Alexander the Great, 137–8, 140–2

Alexandria, 32, 33, 170, 172, 173–4, 175

ÄM 11659 (Berlin shroud), 29–38, 31, 32, 35

Ambition (philotimia) , 138, 141–2

Antoninus Pius, 172

Aphrodisias, 173, 176

Apollonius Rhodius

• Argonautica, 107

Appian, 133

• Bella civilia, 147, 151

• Σαυνιτική, 17

Aratus

• Phaenomena, 109–10, 111–12

Arrays, battle, 43–4, 48, 58–62, 160

Ataxia , 55–6

Athenians in battle, 60, 61–2, 160–1

Athens, Roman, 169, 170, 177–8, 180

Augustus, 115–31, 138–40, 173

Avidius Cassius, 172

B

Bark of Osiris, 34, 36, 36–7

Battle description, 40–64, 145–67

Battle in the Great Harbour at Syracuse, 59, 149, 159–62

Battle of Arginusae, 60

Battle of Chaeronea, 61, 62

Battle of Chios, 156–7

Battle of Cynoscephalae, 54, 64

Battle of Delium, 60, 146

Battle of Mantinea, 60, 63

Battle of Mons Graupius, 52–3, 148

Battle of Pharsalus, 149, 151

Battle of Plataea, 58, 59–60, 62, 63, 155

Battle of Zama, 10–11

Battle speeches, 10–11, 44–5, 48, 145–54

Beirut, 103–5, 110–11, 112–13

Beroë myth, 103–14

Brundisium, 25

C

Caligula, 170–1, 172, 173

Calpurnius Piso, L. (historian), 16

Caracalla, 134–6, 169

Carthage, 2, 16, 17, 18, 24

Cassius Dio, 119, 123–4, 125–6, 129, 132–44, 162, 180

Casualty numbers, 48, 155, 156

Catalogues, Homeric, 58–9, 61

Causation in Polybius, 11–12

Census, 126

Chronology in battle description, 53

Chuvin, Pierre, 106

Cicero, 126

• Epistulae ad Atticum, 119

Cinema, battle description as, 42–3, 45, 47, 48, 50–1, 63, 158, 159, 160

Claudius, 129, 170, 173, 174, 175

Coinage, Augustan, 120, 124

Colonies, Roman, 15, 17, 19, 26

Commodus, 170

Consilium , 127, 131

Cult, imperial, 169–181

D

Delegations to emperors, 171–4, 178–9, 180–1

Delphi, 171, 174, 175

Dike (Justice), 110–12

Dio Cassius, 119, 123–4, 125–6, 129, 132–44, 162, 180

Dio Chrysostom

• Kingship Orations, 142

Diodorus Siculus, 61, 62, 142

Dionysius of Halicarnassus, 154, 155

• Antiquitates Romanae, 25, 162

Diplomacy in Roman Greece, 168–81

Disorder (ataxia) , 55–6

Duumviri navales , 16, 19, 25

E

Eck, Werner, 172

Egyptian religious beliefs, 27–38

Embassies to emperors, 171–4, 178–9, 180–1

Empedocles

• On Nature, 113–14

Emperors, elderly, 115–17, 125–31

Enargeia , 46, 161

Epitaphs, 154, 155

Etruscan campaigns (311–308bc), 19–20

Etruscan pirates, 17, 21

F

Fortuna, 34–5, 37

Fortune (τyχη) in Polybius, 3, 5–6, 7

Forum Romanum , 122–4

Funerary cloths, Egyptian, 27–38

G

Gaius Caesar, 115, 119–22

Gellius, Aulus

• Noctes Atticae, 115

Generalship, 54, 55, 56, 61–2, 152–4, 159

Germanicus, 127–8, 142, 147

Golden race, 109–10, 112–14

H

Hadrian, 171, 174, 175, 176–80

Hegemony, Roman, 1–13

Herodian, 134

Herodotus, 49, 50, 58, 59–60, 62, 63, 145–6, 154–5

Heroism, individual, 45, 50–1, 57–8, 62–3, 152–3, 154–5, 159

Hesiod

• Theogony, 106, 108, 111, 114

• Works and Days, 112

Historiography, military, 40–64, 145–67

Homer

• Iliad, 49–54, 58–9, 61–3, 108, 145–6, 152, 154

Horace

• Ars poetica, 118

I

Iconography of Roman Egypt, 30–2, 34–7

Ilium (Troy), 135–6

Imagery of Augustus, 130

Imperial honours and diplomacy, 169–81

Imperial virtues, 141–3

Imperialism, Roman, 1–13, 141

Isis navigans , 30–8, 33, 35

J

Julius Caesar, 121, 138, 141–2, 143, 151

• Bellum Civile, 149, 162

Justice in the golden age, 110–12

K

Kingship, qualities of, 141–3

Koinon of the Achaeans, 170–1, 173

Koloniai statues, 178

L

Language of diplomacy, 172–6, 180–1

Law, primordial, 109–11

Leisure (otium) , 116

Lex Papia Poppaea , 128

Life expectancy in the Roman Empire, 117–18

Livia, 123, 125, 126, 128

Livy, 16, 19, 23, 47, 55, 63, 146

Loyalty, political, 173–4, 181

Lucan, 143, 151

Luceria, 19

Lucian

• Verae historiae, 39–40, 60–1, 157–8

Lucius Caesar, 116, 119–22

Lydus, Joannes

• De magistratibus, 25

M

Maiden constellation (Virgo), 109–10

Marcus Aurelius, 170, 172, 174

Memphite area, 28–9

Menestheus, 61–2

Mesopotamia, annexation of, 132, 141

Military leadership, 54, 55, 56, 61–2, 137–8, 141–2, 152–4, 159

Military training, 55

Miller, Fergus, 172

Modern battle descriptions, 42–3, 46, 48, 160

Morale, military, 12, 56, 153

N

Naval power, early Roman, 14–26

Naval warfare, descriptions of, 157–63

Navigation and Isis-worship, 32–3

Neapolis, 19, 20, 23

Nephthys, 34, 35, 36, 37

Nero, 175

Nerva, 129

Nicias, 149, 160

Nonnus

• Dionysiaca, 103–14

O

Oakley, Stephen, 15–16

Old age, 118–19, 125, 126, 128, 130

Omina imperii , 138–9

Onasander

• The General, 153

Onlookers in battle descriptions, 161–2

Osiris, bark of, 34, 36, 36–7

Ostia, 17

Otium , 116

P

Panhellenion League, 176–80

Paterfamilias role, 120–1, 126

Pescennius Niger, 137

Petitions to emperors, 173–6, 178 Φατις, 107–8

Philotimia (ambition), 138, 141–2

Pindar

• Olympian Odes, 107

Piracy, 17, 21–2

Piso, L. Calpurnius (historian), 16

Pliny the Elder

• Naturalis historia, 16

Plutarch

• Moralia, 125, 150

  • On the Fortune or Virtue of Alexander, 142

  • [Parallela minora], 139

Polybius, 1–13, 15–16, 18, 20–1, 45–6, 56, 63–4, 156–7, 162

Pompey, 138, 141–2, 151

Pontiae, 19, 26

Portraits, funerary, 35

Procopius, 147, 155

Ptolemy, Claudius, 118–19

Punic Wars, 9–11, 14

Pyrrhic War, 24

Q

Quaestores classici , 25

R

Ratification of petitions, 175–6, 179–80

Religion, Romano-Egyptian, 27–38

Rhodes, 20–2

Roman hegemony, 1–13

S

Sallust

• Bellum Catilinae, 148

• Bellum Iugurthinum, 162

Samos, 173

Saqqarah necropolis, 28–9

Satire, 39–40, 157–8

Schmitt, Hatto, 20, 22

Scipio Africanus, 5, 10–11

Sea battles, descriptions of, 157–63

Senate, imperial, 127–8, 131, 175–6, 180

Seneca

• De brevitate vitae, 116

Septimius Severus, 132–3, 136, 141, 172

Shipbuilding, Roman, 16, 17–18, 25, 26

Shrouds, decorated, 27–38

Sila Forest, 24–5

Socii navales , 16, 19, 20, 23–4

Speeches, generals', 10–11, 44–5, 48, 145–54

Successors to Alexander, battles of, 61, 62, 140

Suetonius

• Augustus, 127, 129

• Tiberius, 124, 128

Swimming, 120–1

T

Tacitus, 133

• Agricola, 52–3, 148, 151

• Annales, 51, 128, 142, 147–8, 176

Tactics, military, 54–8, 159

Tarentum, 17, 23

Temple of Castor and Pollux, Rome, 123–4

Temple of Concordia, Rome, 122–3

Temple of Zeus Olympios, Athens, 177–8

Thasos, 174

Thiel, Johannes Hendrik, 15, 17, 23–4

Thucydides, 56, 59, 60, 145, 146–7, 149, 154, 155–7, 159–62

Tiberius, 121–4, 125–6, 128, 129, 131, 138, 169, 173, 175

Topography of battle, 46

Training, military, 55

Trajan, 129, 141, 142, 173–4

Troy (Ilium), 135–6

Τyχη in Polybius, 3, 5–6, 7

V

Valle, Pietro della, 29

Varro, 118

Verus, Lucius, 174

Vespasian, 130

Virgo (Maiden), constellation of, 109–10

Virtues, imperial, 141–3

W

Wars of the Diodochi, 61, 62, 140

X

Xenophon

• Cyropaedia, 153

• Hellenica, 60

Xiphilinus, John, 132–3, 136

Z

Zeugma (town), 140–1

Zielinski's Law, 53

Zonaras, Joannes, 25