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²¹ Hudson, p. 130.

²² Ibid. p. 135.

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³⁰ Hudson, pp. 86–7.

³¹ Ibid. p. 131; see also his comments on p. vii.

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³³ Ibid. p. 230.

³⁴ Bamford, S., Early Days (London, 1893), pp. 162–4.Google Scholar

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³⁶ Chadwick, D., On the Rate of Wages in Two Hundred Trades and Branches of Labour in Manchester … (1860)Google Scholar–quoted by Gillespie, F. E., Labor and Politics in England, 1850–1867 (Durham, N. Carolina, 1927), p. 197Google Scholar; Smiles, S., evidence to the S.C. on Public Libraries (1849). Q. 1981.Google Scholar

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⁴¹ Hole, p. iv.

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⁴⁴ Williams, G. A., Rowland Detrosier … (York, 1965), p. 16.Google Scholar

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⁴⁶ Lovett, W., The Life and Struggles of William Lovett (London, 1876), pp. 319–21.Google Scholar For Holyoake's identity, see James Watson to Holyoake, 12 and 27 Feb. 1846; S. D. Collet to Holyoake, 17 Feb. 1846, Holyoake Papers, nos. 156, 159, 157, Co-operative Union, Manchester. For the West Bromwich and Handsworth Mechanics’ Institution, see below.

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⁴⁸ Smith, W. Hawkes, op. cit. Analyst, II (06 1835), 333Google Scholar; ‘The Birmingham Mechanics’ Institution’, ibid. pp. 280–2.

⁴⁹ Holyoake, G. J., Practical Grammar (1844) (8th ed., London, 1870), p. 7Google Scholar; see also his speech at the opening of the South London Oddfellows’ Literary Institution–Reasoner, IV, 5 Jan. 1848, p. 79.

⁵⁰ Brierley, B., Failsworth: my native village … (Oldham, 1895), pp. 15–16Google Scholar; Movement, I, 30 10. 1844, p. 408Google Scholar and 18 Dec. 1844, p. 464.

⁵¹ Williams, G. A., op. cit. passim, esp. pp. 20–21.Google Scholar For another example of a working-class leader who, in traditional language, deserted ‘the cause’, see Harrison, B. and Hollis, P., ‘Chartism, Liberalism and the Life of Robert Lowery’, English Historical Review (July 1967), pp. 503–35.Google Scholar

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⁵⁴ Simon, B., op. cit. pp. 238–9.Google Scholar

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⁵⁶ Isaac Ironside to G. J. Holyoake, 5 Apr. 1841, Holyoake Papers, Letter Book, p. 31, Bishopsgate Institute, London.

⁵⁷ J. Walter Newall to Holyoake, 15 July 1841, ibid. p. 33.

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⁵⁹ New Moral World (third series), I, 18 07 1840, p. 41.Google Scholar Professor Simon also uses this example, but draws a different conclusion–op. cit. p. 239; also Silver, H., op. cit. p. 223Google Scholar. One Socialist product of the Coventry Mechanics’ Institute was Dr John Watts (1818–87), the son of a weaver, assistant secretary and librarian at the institute, 1831–8. He then moved to Manchester, became an Owenite lecturer, and devoted the rest of his life to education and Co-operation–McCabe, J., A Biographical Dictionary of Modern Rationalists (London, 1920), s.v.Google Scholar

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⁶² T. Coates, app. III, pp. 96–7; Hudson, p. 63.

⁶³ What follows is based largely on Holyoake's Log Book no. 1 in the Bishopsgate Institute. This book contains Holyoake's own extracts from diaries which he later destroyed.

⁶⁴ Report of the Birmingham Mechanics’ Institute (1840), Birmingham Public Library, Birmingham Institutes, vol. C.I.

⁶⁵ Hollick to Holyoake, 19 Jan. 1840, Holyoake Papers, Letter Book p. 13, Bishopsgate Institute, Holyoake to the Central Board (Owenites), 3 June 1841, ibid. p. 41.

⁶⁶ Hollick to Holyoake, 12 Dec. 1839, ibid. p. 11; see also Holyoake to J. Toulmin Smith, 25 Mar. 1867, Holyoake Papers, no. 1728, Co-operative Union.

⁶⁷ Hollick to Holyoake, 5 Feb. 1837, Holyoake Papers, Letter Book p. 3, Bishopsgate Institute.

⁶⁸ Press cutting of the letter, in ibid. p. 5.

⁶⁹ Holyoake to J. Walter Newall, 31 Aug. 1840, ibid. p. 18.