¹ Oakeshott, Michael, Rationalism in Politics (London, 1962).Google Scholar

² Kertesz, Stephen, Introduction to the grossly defective paperback edition of Callières' On the Manner of Negotiating with Princes (Notre Dame, 1963), p. v.Google Scholar

³ Padelford, N. J. and Lincoln, G. A., The Dynamics of International Politics (New York, 1967), p. 315.Google Scholar

⁴ Chazelle, Jacques, La Diplomatic (Paris, 1962).Google Scholar

⁵ The Seventeenth Century 1600–1715, ed. Lossky, Andrew (New York, 1967), pp. 301–20.Google Scholar

⁶ Ibid. p. 301.

⁷ Western, J. R., ‘War on a New Scale; professionalism in armies, navies and diplomacy’, The Eighteenth Century, ed. Cobban, Alfred (London, 1969), p. 214.Google Scholar

⁸ Horn, D. B., The British Diplomatic Service, 1689–1789 (Oxford, 1961).Google Scholar

⁹ Hatton, Ragnhild, War and Peace 1680–1720, p. 19. Hatton also draws attention to the inadequacies of the Whyte version and quotes from the 1716 English translation.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Mattingly, Garrett, Renaissance Diplomacy (London, 1955), ch. viii.Google Scholar

¹¹ Ibid. p. 28.

¹² Ibid. p. 211.

¹³ Ibid. p. 239.

¹⁴ Grabar, V. E., De Legatis et Legationibus Tractatus Varii (Dorpat, 1905).Google Scholar

¹⁵ Adair, E. R., The Exterritoriality of Ambassadors (London, 1936), p. 16.Google Scholar

¹⁶ Gentilis, Albericus, De Legationibus Libri Tres (London, 1585).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁷ Grabar, , op. cit. p. 65–70.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Mattingly, , Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 218.Google Scholar

¹⁹ Grotius, Hugo, De Jure Belli ac Pacts Libri Tres, translated by Kelsey, F. W. (The classics of International Law, Washington), Book II, ch. xviii, p. 441. ‘But permanent legations, such as are now customary, can be rejected with the best of right; for ancient custom, to which they were unknown, teaches how unnecessary they are’.Google Scholar

²⁰ Mattingly, , Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 115.21Google ScholarIbid.

²² In a second volume De Legatorum Jure Tractatuum Catalogus 1625–1700 V. E. Grabar has listed treatises on diplomacy published in the seventeenth century. Cf. Wines, Roger, ‘The Imperial Circles, Princely Diplomacy and Imperial Reform’, The Journal of Modern History, vol. 39 (1967).Google Scholar

²³ Wolf, John B., Louis XIV (London, 1968), p. 218.Google Scholar

²⁴ Rule, John C., ‘King and Minister: Louis XIV and Colbert de Torcy’, William III v. Louis XIV, op. cit. p. 216.Google Scholar

²⁵ Picavet, G. G., La Diplomatic Francaise au Temps de Louis XIV (Paris, 1930), p. 73.Google Scholar

²⁶ Goubert, Pierre, Louis XIV and Twenty Million Frenchmen (London, 1970), p. 297.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid. p. 298.

²⁸ In addition to the necessary biographical and administrative studies other relevant materials would include: Instructions, dispatches, memoranda, texts and collections of treaties, the organization of the Foreign Ministry and archives, the memoirs of diplomats, contemporary comment, the law relating to diplomacy, and political theory. In this connexion see the study by Samoyault, Jean-Pierre, Les Bureaux du Secrétariat d'Etat des Affaires Etrangères sous Louis XV (Paris, 1971). Cf. the same author's ‘L'origine sociale des secrétaires d'Etat de Louis XIV’, La Revue d'Histoire Diplomatique (1969). Picavet, already cited, remains the standard work on the French diplomatic mechanism. Published in 1930, his study was designed as a tentative exploration. It has produced no sequel.Google Scholar

²⁹ Mattingly, , Renaissance Diplomacy, p. 115.Google Scholar

³⁰ There exists no study of Wicquefort. I have relied heavily on L. Ed. Lenting's introduction to a nineteenth-century edition of Wicquefort's Histoire des Provinces-Unies des Pais-Bas (Amsterdam, 1861). The introduction is hereafter cited as Lenting.Google Scholar

³¹ He translated works from English, Spanish and German.

³² Lenting, p. xi.

³³ Rowen, H. H., The Ambassador Prepares for War (The Hague, 1957), pp. 31–4 and pp. 43–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁴ Quoted by Lenting, p. xxi.

³⁵ Grabar, V. E., De Legatis ot Legationibus, pp. 152–60.Google Scholar

³⁶ L'Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions (Amsterdam, 1730), I, 1.Google Scholar

³⁷ Ibid.

³⁸ Ibid. p. 2.

³⁹ Ibid.

⁴⁰ De la Manière de Négocier, p. 79.

⁴¹ Ibid.Epitre.

⁴² Grabar, V. E., De Legatorum Jure Tractatuum Catalogus, pp. 229–304.Google Scholar

⁴³ Grabar lists two Italian treatises, two English, three German and six, including a critique and Wicquefort, in French, ibid.

⁴⁴ Cf. Behrcns, B., ‘Treatises on the Ambassador Written in the Fifteenth and Early Sixteenth Centuries’, The English Historical Review, II (1936), 616–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁴⁵ De la Science du Monde, p. 204.

⁴⁶ I do not wish to suggest that this was of recent occurrence. Perhaps the striking feature is the lag between the emergence of independent states and attempts to formulate their condition after Pope and Emperor had ceased to count. Cf. Figgis, J. N., From Gerson to Grotius (London, 1911), ch. vi.Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Quoted, in Wolf, John, Louis XIV, p. 618.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ Grabar, , De Legatorum Jure, pp. 303–4.Google Scholar

⁴⁹ Ibid.

⁵⁰ I have been unable to consult all the treatises, many of which are to be found only in Rome and other European centres. Grabar produces abstracts of many of the documents as well as full references.

⁵¹ de Chamoy, Rousseau, L'ldée du Parfait Ambassadeur, ed. Delavand, L. (Paris, 1912).Google Scholar

⁵² Ibid. p. 28.

⁵³ ibid. p. 11.

⁵⁴ Antoine Pecquet, Discours Sur L'Art de Négocier. On Pecquet see:Piccioni, Camille, Les premiers commis des affaires étrangères aux XVII et XVIII Siècles (Paris, 1918)Google Scholar, and Samoyault, J. P., Les Bureaux du Secrétariat D'Etat des Affaires Etrangères Sous Louis XV (Paris, 1971).Google Scholar

⁵⁵ Pecquet, , Discours sur L'Art de Négocier, Preface, p. vii.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Ibid. p. 134.

⁵⁷ In a chapter on the visits owed on the arrival of a new ambassador Wicquefort insists that in each court there is a routine among envoys which binds them together. ‘L'Ambassadeur est obligé de s'accommoder aux règles qui ont été etablies et n'y peut manquer sans déconcerter l'harmonie, sans laquelle il n'y peut point avoir de conversation entre les Ministres Publics’ L'Ambassadeur et ses Fonctions, ch. xxi, p. 296. Callières is familiar with the same facts though more cautious about the sense of community. ‘II lui est utile et souvent necéssaires de Her commerce et amitié jusqua un certain point.’ De la Manière de Négocier, p. 223.Google Scholar

⁵⁸ See my article, ‘The French Political Academy, 1712; The School for Ambassadors’, European Studies Review, voII. (1972).Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Souleyman, E., The Vision of Peace in Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century France (Columbia, 1942)Google Scholar. Hinsley, F. H., Power and the Pursuit of Peace (London, 1965), ch. II.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ For the abbé de Saint-Pierre see:Drouet, Joseph, L'Abbé de Saint-Pierre (Paris, 1912)Google Scholar, and the more recent study by Perkins, Merle L., The Moral and Political Philosophy of the Abbé de Saint-Pierre (Paris, 1959).Google Scholar

⁶¹ De la Manière de Négocier, p. 12.

⁶² Anderson, M. S., ‘Eighteenth-Century Theories of the Balance of Power’, Studies in Diplomatic History; Essays in memory of Horn, D. B., ed. Hatton, Ragnhild and Anderson, M. S. (London, 1970), pp. 183–98.Google Scholar

⁶³ Puffendorf, Samuel, De jure naturae et gentium libri octo, translated by Simmons, J., The Classics of International Law (Washington, 1934), II, 1043. I am grateful to the late Martin Wight for this reference and for much encouragement.Google Scholar

⁶⁴ The Annual Register, 1787, p. 1.

⁶⁵ Burke, Edmund, Letters on a Regicide Peace, II, Works viii, p. 243 note.Google Scholar