¹ Bari, 1952 and 1954. L'umanesimo italiano was first published in German, , Der italienische Humanismus, in 1947Google Scholar.

² Angelo Segni's Vita di Donato Acciaiuoli, quoted by Garin, , Medievo e Rinascimento (Bari, 1954), p. 211Google Scholar.

³ Quoted by Baron, , ‘Burckhardt after a century’ (II, 157)Google Scholar, from W. Kaegi's 1956 biography of Burckhardt.

⁴ Burke, Peter, The historical anthropology of early modern Italy. Essays on perception and communication (Cambridge, 1987)Google Scholar, defining his own position in The Italian renaissance (Oxford, 1986), p. 4Google Scholar; cf. also SirGombrich's, Ernst attack on ‘Burckhardt's Hegelianism’, In search of cultural history (Oxford, 1969). PP 14–25Google Scholar.

⁵ Burke, , The Italian renaissance, p. 38Google Scholar, added to this recently revised version of his 1972 Culture and society in renaissance Italy, 1420–1540, where Baron, is explained instead merely as a pupil of Goetz, Walter (p. 18)Google Scholar; Hay, D. and Law, J., Italy in the age of the renaissance, 1380–1530 (London, 1989), p. 238Google Scholar. Cf. Ferguson, W. K., ‘The interpretation of Italian humanism: the contribution of Hans Baron’ (1956)Google Scholar, reprinted in his Renaissance studies (New York, 1970), pp. 111–21.

⁶ See Garin, E., ‘I cancellieri umanisti della Repubblica fiorentina da Coluccio Salutati a Bartolomeo Scala’, first published in the Rivista storica italiana, LXXI (1959), 185–208Google Scholar, and Black's, R. review article in The Historical Journal, XXIX (1986), 991–1003CrossRefGoogle Scholar, describing the turning from interest in Bruni in the 1960s to his mentor Coluccio Salutati (discussing, among others, Witt's, R. G. biography of Salutati, Hercules at the crossroads (Durham, N. C., 1983)Google Scholar, and my biography of Bartolomeo Scala, chancellor from 1465 to 1497 (Princeton, 1979)Google Scholar; Black's, own biography of Scala's, predecessor, Benedetto Accolti was published by Cambridge University Press in 1985)Google Scholar. Baron refers to his planned biography, The life and literary work of Leonardo Bruni, in II, 211.

⁷ ‘Noterelle di filosofia del Rinascimento’, La Rinascita, IV (1941), 409Google Scholar, which begins: ‘Hans Baron ha insistito più volte sul concetto che, nel Rinascimento, il cittadino non si potè liberare dal passato medievale si non stringendosi strettamente alle idee classiche del civismo’.

⁸ The crisis of the early Italian renaissance. Civic humanism and republican liberty in a age of classicism and tyranny, 2 vols. (Princeton 1955)Google Scholar, reprinted in a single revised volume in 1966; Humanistic and political literature was published by Harvard, (Cambridge, Mass., 1955)Google Scholar.

⁹ See Garin's, appreciation in Renaissance studies in honor of Hans Baron, ed. Molho, A. and Tedeschi, J. A. (Florence, 1971), p. LXIGoogle Scholar: ‘l'efficacia di un orientamento che non aveva ancora fissato i suoi risultati in interpretazioni definite’. Also influential in this period was von Martin's, Alfred pioneering Soziologie der Renaissance (1932, English translation 1944, see Ferguson's introduction to the Torchbook edition, New York, 1963)Google Scholar. Baron's, reference to Mussolini, is in Crisis (1955), II, 504Google Scholar, n. 38.

¹⁰ Baron, refers to Martines', Social world complementing The crisis ‘in all matters concerning the socioeconomic structure and political role of Florentine Humanism’ in II, 18, p. 199Google Scholar, note.

¹¹ In From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni (Chicago, 1968), p. 109Google Scholar.

¹² The foundations of modern political thought (Cambridge, 1978), I, 43, 71Google Scholar; cf. Murray, A., Reason and society in the middle ages (Oxford, 1978)Google Scholar, esp. ch. 4, and Rubinstein, N., ‘Political theories in the renaissance’, The renaissance. Essays in interpretation (London, 1982), pp. 153–58Google Scholar.

¹³ [I, 8, pp. 114–15, 199–210], and C. T. Davis, ‘Brunetto Latini and Dante’, now reprinted in Dante's Italy and other essays (Philadelphia, 1984), esp. pp. 172–3, ‘Ptolemy of Lucca and the Roman Republic’, ibid. pp. 254–89.

¹⁴ ‘“Civic humanism” or Ciceronian rhetoric? The culture of Petrarch and Bruni’, Past and Present, XXXIV (1966), 3–48Google Scholar, to which Baron replied in the same journal, XXXVI (1967), 21–37. Baron, summarizes his redating in From Petrarch to Leonardo Bruni, pp. 102–137Google Scholar, with his final ‘Defence’ in II, 18, pp. 194–211.

¹⁵ ‘Humanism and modernity: a reconsideration of Bruni's Dialogues’ Renaissance Quarterly XXXVIII (1985), 423–45Google Scholar.

¹⁶ See Martines', recent article, ‘Forced loans: political and social strain in quattrocento Florence’, Journal of Modern History, LX (1988), 300–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar, reviewing Conti's, Elio edition of Palmieri's, Ricordi fiscali, 1427–1474 (Florence, 1983)Google Scholar, as well as his L'Imposta diretta a Firenze and a new biography of Palmieri, whose Vita civile was edited by Belloni, G. (Florence, 1982)Google Scholar. Adversity's noblemen, first printed in 1940, was reissued by Trinkhaus, in 1965Google Scholar with a preface denning his position on Baron's ‘civic humanism’.

¹⁷ Applying the ‘Baron thesis’ to Consulte and Pratiche debates, Gene Brucker finds evidence of a changed outlook among citizens after the later war of 1413–14; ‘Humanism, politics and the social order in early renaissance Florence’, Florence and Venice: comparisons and relations, I (Quattrocento), (Florence, 1979), pp. 3–11Google Scholar; on changes in public and diplomatic language, Fubini, R., ‘Osservazioni sugli “Historiarum Florentini Populi libri XX” di L. Bruni’, in Studi di storia medievale e moderna per E. Sestan (Florence, 1980), I, esp. 417–29Google Scholar; ‘Classe dirigente ed esercizio della diplomazia nella Firenze quattrocentesca’, I ceti dirigenti nella Toscana del Quattrocento (Florence, 1987), esp. pp. 178–81Google Scholar; Brown, , Bartolomeo Scala, pp. 173–8Google Scholar and my paper, ‘City and citizen: changing perceptions in the fifteenth- and sixteenth-centuries’, Conference on City States in Classical Antiquity and Medieval Italy at Brown University, 1989, to be publishedGoogle Scholar.

¹⁸ The Memoir of Marco Parenti (Princeton, 1987; London, 1989), p. 231Google Scholar; cf. p. 190: ‘In these times a large part of Italy was in a sense renewed by the succession of new princes after the deaths of their predecessors’. For recent criticism of the balance-of-power idea, Mallett, M., Diplomacy and war in later fifteenth-century Italy (London, British Academy, 1983), pp. 267–70Google Scholar; Butters, H. C., ‘Politics and diplomacy in late Quattrocento Italy: the case of the Barons' war (1485–86)’, Florence and Italy. Renaissance studies in honour of Nicolai Rubinstein (London, 1988), pp. 13–14Google Scholar.

¹⁹ Memoir, p. 273.

²⁰ Machiavelli, , Lettere ed. Gaeta, F. (Milan, 1961), p. 374Google Scholar.

²¹ Guicciardini, F., Ricordi, ser. C, 71, cf. B, 140, ed. pongano, R. S (Florence, 1951), p. 82Google Scholar.