Feminist Perspectives on Science

Barbara Imber; Nancy Tuana

doi:10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00060.x

Feminist Perspectives on Science

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 11 March 2020

Barbara Imber and

Nancy Tuana

Article contents

Abstract
References

Get access

Rights & Permissions

Abstract

In this issue of Hypatia there is a consensus that science is not value-neutral and that cultural/political concerns enter into the epistemology, methodology and conclusions of scientific theory and practice. In future dialogues the question that needs to be further addressed is the precise role political concerns should play in the formulation of a feminist theory and practice of science.

Information

Type: Research Article
Information: Hypatia , Volume 3 , Issue 1: Special Issue: Feminism and Science, Part 2 , Spring 1988, pp. 139 - 155
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-2001.1988.tb00060.x [Opens in a new window]
Copyright: Copyright © 1988 by Hypatia, Inc.

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Bibliography∗̊

Aldrich, Michele. 1978. Women in science. Signs 4 (1): 126–135.CrossRef Google Scholar

Alic, Margaret. 1986. Hypatia's heritage: A history of women in science from antiquity through the nineteenth century. Boston: Beacon Press.Google Scholar

American Association for the Advancement of Science 1976. The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar

Ames, Elinor. 1981. The status of women in Canadian psychology: A study of women in science. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):431–40.Google Scholar

Arnold, Lois Barber 1984. Four lives in science: Women's education in the nineteenth century. New York: Schocken.Google Scholar

Blackstone, Tessa and Weinreich‐Haste, Helen 1980. Why are there so few women scientists and engineers? New Society 51:385–85.Google Scholar

Bluemel, Elinor. 1959. Florence Sabin: Colorado woman of the century. Boulder: University of Colorado Press.Google Scholar

Briscoe, Anne 1981. Diary of a mad feminist chemist. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4420–30.Google Scholar

Briscoe, Anne M. and Pfafflin, Sheila M., eds. 1979. Expanding the role of women in the sciences. New York: The New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar

Brooks, Paul 1972. The house of life: Rachel Carson at work. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Bunting, Mary. 1965. Women and the science professions. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar

Chepelinsky, Ana Berta, et. al 1980. Women in chemistry. In Science and Liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 257–266. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar

Cole, Jonathan. 1979. Fair science: Women in the scientific community. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Curran, Libby. 1980. Science education: Did she drop out or was she pushed? In Alice through the microscope: The power of science over women's lives, ed. Women, Brighton and Group, Science, 22–41. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar

Frieze, Irene Hanson 1978. Psychological barriers for women in sciences: Internal and external. In Covert discrimination and women in the sciences, ed. Ramaley, Judith, 65–95. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Gleasner, Diana C 1984. Breakthrough: Women in science. New York: Walker and Company.Google Scholar

Goodfield, June. 1981. An imagined world: A story of scientific discovery. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Gornick, Vivian 1983. Women in science: Portraits from a world in transition. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Haas, Violet B. and Perrucci, Carolyn C., eds. 1984. Women in scientific and engineering professions. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press.Google Scholar

Haber, Lois. 1979. Women pioneers of science. New York: Harcourt, Brace, Jovanovich.Google Scholar

Hamilton, Alice. 1972. Exploring the dangerous trades: The autobiography of Alice Hamilton. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Harrison, Michelle M.D. 1983. A woman in residence. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Hinton, Kate. 1976. Women and science: Science in a social context. Manchester, England: Manchester University Press.Google Scholar

Hoobler, Icie Gertrude Macy 1982. Boundless horizons: Portrait of a pioneer woman scientist. Pompano Beach, FL: Exposition Press.Google Scholar

Kahle, Jane Butler 1982. Double dilemma: Minorities and women in science education. West Lafayette, IN: Purdue University.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1977. The anomaly of a woman in physics. In Working it out: 23 women writers, artists, scientists, and scholars talk about their lives and work, ed. Ruddick, Sara and Daniels, Pamela New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983. A feeling for the organism: The life and times of Barbara McClintock. San Francisco: W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Kistiakowsky, Vera. 1980. Women in physics: Unnecessary, injurious, and out of place. Physics Today 33 (2):32–40.10.1063/1.2913937CrossRef Google Scholar

Kohlstedt, Sally Gregory 1978. In from the periphery: American women in science, 1830–1880. Signs 4 (1):81–96.CrossRef Google Scholar

Land, Barbara. 1981. The new explorers: Women in Antarctica. New York: Dodd and Mead.Google Scholar

Lonsdale, Kathleen. 1970. Women in science: Reminiscences and reflections. Impact of Science on Society, 20 (1):45–59.Google Scholar

Lovejoy, EstherPohl, M.D.N.DWomen physicians and surgeons: National and international organizations. New York: Livingston Press.Google Scholar

Malcom, Shirley Mahaley, Hall, Paula Quick and Brown, Janet Welsh 1975. The double bind: The price of being a minority woman in science. Washington, D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science.Google Scholar

Martin, Ben and John, Irvine 1982. Women in science: The astronomical brain drain. Women's Studies International Forum 5 (1):41–68.CrossRef Google Scholar

Mary Ingraham Bunting Institute of Radcliffe College 1980. Choices for science: Proceedings of symposium. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar

Mead, Margaret. 1972. Blackberry winter: My earlier years. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar

Menninger, Sally Ann and Clare, Rose 1980. Women scientists and engineers in American academia. Signs 3 (3):292–99.Google Scholar

Meuron‐Landolt, Moniquede 1975. How a woman scientist deals professionally with men. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2): 147–52.Google Scholar

Moore, Emily C 1980. Woman and health: United States 1980. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.Google Scholar PubMed

Morantz‐Sanchez, and Regina, Markell 1985. Sympathy and science: Women physicians in American medicine. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Murphy, Angela Corigliano 1980. Ladies in the lab. In Science and liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 247–256. Boston: South End Press.Google Scholar

Noble, Lois. 1979. Contemporary women scientists of America. New York: Messner.Google Scholar

Patterson, Elizabeth Chambers 1983. Mary Somerville and the cultivation of science, 1815–1840. Boston: Nijhoff.10.1007/978-94-009-6839-4CrossRef Google Scholar

Ramaley, Judith A., ed. 1978. Covert discrimination and women in the sciences. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Roark, Anne. 1980. Women in science: Unequal pay, unsold ideas, and sometimes unhappy marriages. Chronicle of Higher Education 20:3–4.Google Scholar

Rossi, Alice S 1965. Women in science: Why so few? Science 148 (3674): 1196–201.10.1126/science.148.3674.1196CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Rossiter, Margaret 1982. Women scientists in America: Struggles and strategies to 1940. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Ruddick, Sara and Daniels, Pamela, eds. 1977. Working it out: 23 women writers, artists, scientists, and scholars talk about their lives and work. New York: Pantheon Books.Google Scholar

Sayre, Anne 1975. Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Scott, Joan Pinner 1981. Science subject choice and achievement of females in Canadian high schools. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):348–61.Google Scholar

Shapley, Deborah. 1975. Obstacles to women in science. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2):115–23.Google Scholar

Sheinin, Rose. 1981. The rearing of women for science, engineering, technology. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):339–47.Google Scholar

Smith, Elske. 1978. The individual and the institution. In Covert discrimination and women in the sciences, ed. Ramaley, Judith, 7–35. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Special, Issue 1978. Women, Science. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 4 (1).Google Scholar

Carolyn, Spieler, ed. 1977. Women in medicine—1976: Report of a Macy conference. New York: Josiah Macy, Jr. Foundation.Google Scholar

Stark‐Adamec, Cannie 1981. Practical tips for coping with the problems of being a 17 career person. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):441–56.Google Scholar

Tereshkova‐Nikolayeva, Valentina 1970. Women in space. Impact of Science on Society 20 (1):5–12.Google Scholar

Vetter, Betty. 1976. Women in the natural sciences. Signs 1 (3, Part 1):713–20.10.1086/493251CrossRef Google Scholar

Walsh, Mary Roth 1977. Doctors wanted: No women need apply. Sexual barriers in the medical profession, 1835–1975. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Weisstein, Naomi. 1979. Adventures of a woman in science. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruth et al, 187–203. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

White, Martha. 1970. Psychological and social barriers to women in science. Science 170 (3956):413–16.CrossRef Google Scholar PubMed

Yost, Edna. 1984. Women of modem science. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.Google Scholar

Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective 1977. Biology as a social weapon. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar

Barker‐Benfield, G.S. 1978. Horrors of the half‐known life: Male attitudes toward women and sexuality in 19th century America. New York: Harper Colophon.Google Scholar

Bart, Pauline. 1977. Biological determinism and sexism: Is it all in the ovaries? In Biology as a social weapon, ed. Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, 69–83. Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar

Birke, Lynda. 1980. From zero to infinity: Scientific views of lesbians. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 108–123. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar

Birke, Lynda and Sandy, Best 1980. The tyrannical womb: Menstruation and menopause. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 89–107. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar

Black, Datha Clapper 1979. Displaced: The midwife by the male physician. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 83–101. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Bleier, Ruth. 1976. Myths of the biological inferiority of women: An exploration of the sociology of biological research. University of Michigan Papers in Women's Studies, 2 (2):39–63.Google Scholar

∗ Boston Women's Health Book Collective. 1984. The new our bodies, ourselves: A book by and for women. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Women, Brighton and Science, Group 1980. Alice through the microscope: The power of science over women's lives. London: Virago.Google Scholar

Cole, Jonathan. 1980. Meritocracy and marginality: Women in science today and tomorrow. In Choices for science, 4–26. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar

Conrad, Peter, Kern, Rochelle and Schneider, Joseph W. 1980. Deviance and medicalization: From badness to sickness. St. Louis: C.V. Mosby Co.Google Scholar

Conway, Jill 1970. Stereotypes of femininity in a theory of evolution. Victorian Studies 14 (1):47–62.Google Scholar

Corea, Gena. 1977. The hidden malpractice: How American medicine treats women as patients and professionals. New York: William Morrow.Google Scholar

Couture‐Cherki, Monique 1980. Women in physics. In Ideology of/in the natural sciences, ed. Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven, 206–216. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar

Culpepper, Emily. 1979. Exploring menstrual attitudes. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 135–160. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Claudia, Dreifus, ed. 1977. Seizing our bodies: The politics of women's health. New York: Vintage Books.Google Scholar

D'Onofrio‐Flores, Pamela and Sheila, Pfafflin 1982. Scientific‐technological change and the role of women in development. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar

Druss, Vicki and Henifin, Mary Sue 1979. Why are so many anorexics women? In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 126–133. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1972. Witches, midwives, and nurses: A history of women healers. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar

Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1974. Complaints and disorders: The sexual politics of sickness. Old Westbury, NY: The Feminist Press.Google Scholar

Ehrenreich, Barbara and English, Deirdre. 1978. For her own good: 150 years of the experts' advice to women. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Falkner, Wendy. 1980. The obsessive orgasm: Science, sex and female sexuality. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 139–162. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth. 1973. The sexual politics of Victorian social anthropology. Feminist Studies 1 (3–4):23–39.Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth. 1976. Science and the woman problem: Historical perspectives. In Sex differences: Social and biological perspectives, ed. Tietelbaum, Michael, 175–223. New York: Doubleday.Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth 1980. Nineteenth century craniology: The study of the female skull. Bulletin of the History of Medicine 53:415–33.Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth 1983. Women and health: The politics of sex in medicine. New York: Baywood Publishing Co.Google Scholar

Feldman, Jacqueline. 1975. The savant and the midwife. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2): 125–35.Google Scholar

Fisher, Elizabeth. 1979. Woman's creation: Sexual evolution and the shaping of society. New York: McGraw‐Hill.Google Scholar

Fried, Barbara. 1979. Boys will be boys will be boys: The language of sex and gender. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 37–59. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Gilligan, Carol. 1982. In a different voice: Psychological theory and women's development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Gould, Stephen Jay 1978. Women's brains. New Scientist 80 (1127):364–66.Google Scholar

Gould, Stephen Jay 1981. The mismeasure of man. New York: W.W. Norton.Google Scholar

Gould, Stephen Jay 1984. Review of Ruth Bleier's Science and gender. New York Times Book Review August 12, 7.Google Scholar

Grossman, Marlyn and Pauline, Bart 1979. Taking the men out of menopause. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 163–84. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Hall, Diana Long 1973. Biology, sex hormones and sexism in the 1920s. The Philosophical Forum 5 (1‐2):81–96.Google Scholar

Hall, Diana Long 1979. Academics, bluestockings, and biologists: Women at the university of Chicago, 1892–1932. In Expanding the role of women in the sciences, ed Briscoe, Anne and Pfafflin, Sheila, 300–320. New York: New York Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar

Haraway, Donna. 1985. A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review 80:65–108.Google Scholar

Haraway, Donna. 1983a. The contest for primate nature: Daughters of man the hunter in the field, 1960–1980. In Future of American democracy, ed. Kann, Mark, 175–208. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.Google Scholar

Haraway, Donna. 1983b. Signs of dominance: From a physiology to a cybernetics of primate society. Studies in the History of Biology 6:129–219.Google Scholar

Hrdy, Sarah Blaffer. 1981. The woman that never evolved. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Hubbard, Ruth. 1982. Have only men evolved? In Biological woman—The convenient myth, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 7–35. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue and Fried, Barbara, eds.1982. Biological woman—The convenient myth. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Hubbard, Ruth, Henifin, Mary Sue and Fried, Barbara, eds.1979. Women looking at biology looking at women: A collection of feminist critiques. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Hubbard, Ruth and Lowe, M., eds. 1979. Genes and gender II: Pitfalls in research on sex and gender. Staten Island, NY: Gordian Press.Google Scholar

Hughes, Rhonda. 1980. Status of women in the physical sciences. In Choices for science, 27–32. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting.Google Scholar

Jacoby, Robin Miller 1977. Science and sex roles in the Victorian era. In Biology as a social weapon, Ann Arbor Science for the People Editorial Collective, 58–68. Ann Arbor, MI: Burgess.Google Scholar

Jason‐Smith, Diedre 1980. Sociobiology: So what? In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 62–68. London: Virago.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1974. Women in science: A social analysis. Harvard Magazine October: 14–19.Google Scholar

Kimball, Meredith. 1981. Women and science: A critique of biological theories. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):318–38.Google Scholar

Leacock, Eleanor. 1983. Ideologies of male dominance as divide and rule politics: An anthropologist's view. In Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 111–121. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Leiboweitz, Lila. 1978. Females, males, and families: A biosocial approach. London: Duxbury Press.Google Scholar

Leiboweitz, Lila. 1983. Origins of the sexual division of labor. In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 123–147. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Lowe, Marian 1983. The dialectic of biology and culture. In Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 39–62. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, ed. 1983. Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Maccoby, Eleanor. 1970. Feminine intellect and the demands of science. Impact of Science on Society 20 (1):13.Google Scholar

Magner, Lois. 1978. Women and the scientific idiom: Textual episodes from Wollstonecraft, Fuller, Gilman, and Firestone. Signs 4 (1):61–80.10.1086/493569CrossRef Google Scholar

Martin, , Kay, M. and Barbara, Voorhies 1975. Female of the species. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRef Google Scholar

Merchant, Carolyn. 1980. The death of nature: Women, ecology, and the scientific revolution. San Francisco: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Messing, Karen. 1983. The scientific mystique: Can a white lab coat quarantee purity in the search for knowledge about the nature of women? In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 75–88. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Morgan, Elaine. 1972. The descent of woman. New York: Stein and Day.Google Scholar

Quinn, Naomi. 1977. Anthropological studies on women's status. Annual Review of Anthropology 6:181–225.CrossRef Google Scholar

Reed, Evelyn. 1978. Sexism and science. New York: Pathfinder Press.Google Scholar

Rogers, L.J. 1983. Hormonal theories for sex differences: Politics disguised as science. Sex Roles 9:1109–14.10.1007/BF00289919CrossRef Google Scholar

Ruzek, Sheryl Burt 1978. The women's health movement: Feminist alternatives to medical control. New York: Praeger.Google Scholar

Sayers, Janet. 1980. Psychological sex differences. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 42–61. London: Virago Press.Google Scholar

Sayers, Janet 1982. Biological politics: Feminist and anti‐feminist perspectives. New York: Tavistock Publications.Google Scholar

Scully, Diana. 1980. Men who controi women's health: The mis‐education of obstetrician‐gynecologists. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Seaman, Barbara and Seaman, M.D. Gideon 1977. Women and the crisis in sex hormones. New York: Rawson Associates Publishers, Inc.Google Scholar

Shields, Stephanie. 1978. Sex and the biased science. New Scientist 80 (1132):752–54.Google Scholar

Shields, Stephanie. 1982. The variability hypothesis: The history of a biological model of sex differences in intelligence. Signs 7 (4): 769–97.CrossRef Google Scholar

Spanier, Bonnie. 1980. Critical filters in science careers. In Choices for science 33–41. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar

Star, Susan Leigh 1979. The politics of right and left: Sex differences in hemispheric brain asymmetry. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 61–74. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Tobach, Ethel and Betty, Rosoff 1978. Genes and gender I: On hereditarianism and women. New York: Gordian Press.Google Scholar

Walberg, Herbert J 1969. Physics, femininity, and creativity. Developmental Psychology 1 (1):47–54.CrossRef Google Scholar

Walsh, Mary Roth 1979. The quirls of a woman's brain. In Women looking at biology looking at women, ed. Hubbard, Ruthet al, 103–125. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman.Google Scholar

Wertz, Dorothy and Richard, Wertz 1977. Lying‐in: A history of childbirth in America. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar

Addelson, Kathryn Pyne 1983. The man of professional wisdom. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 165–186. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar

Arditti, Rita. 1980. Feminism and science. In Science and liberation, ed. Arditti, Ritaet al, 350–368. Boston: MA: South End Press.Google Scholar

Arditti, Rita, Brennan, Pat and Cavrak, Steve, eds. 1980. Science and liberation. Boston, MA: South End Press.Google Scholar

Bleier, Ruth 1984. Science and gender: A critique of biology and its theories on women. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Bleier, Ruth, ed. 1986. Feminist approaches to science. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Bonner, Jill. 1980. The cult of objectivity in the physical sciences. In Choices for science, 52–57. Cambridge, MA: M.I. Bunting Institute.Google Scholar

Easlea, Brian. 1981. Science and sexual oppression: Patriarchy's confrontation with woman and nature. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.Google Scholar

Fausto‐Sterling, Anne 1981. Women and science. Women's Studies International Quarterly 4 (4):41–50.CrossRef Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth. 1981a. Is feminism a threat to objectivity? International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):378–92.Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth. 1981b. Is there a feminist science? Science and Nature 4:46–57.Google Scholar

Fee, Elizabeth. 1983. Women's nature and scientific objectivity. In Women's nature: Rationalizations of inequality, ed. Lowe, Marian and Hubbard, Ruth, 9–27. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Fowlkes, Diane L. and McClure, Charlotte S., eds. 1984. Feminist visions toward a transformation of the liberal arts curriculum. Alabama: The University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar

Goodman, Madeleine J and Goodman, Lenn Evan 1981. Is there a feminist biology? International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):393–413.Google Scholar

Griffin, Susan 1978. Woman and nature: The roaring inside her. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar

Haraway, Donna. 1978. Animal sociology and a natural economy of the body politic. Signs 4 (1):21–60.CrossRef Google Scholar

Griffin, Susan 1981. In the beginning was the word: The genesis of biological theory. Signs 6 (3):469–81.Google Scholar

Harding, Sandra 1981. The norms of social inquiry and masculine experience. PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 305–324. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar

Harding, Sandra 1982. Is gender a variable in conceptions of rationality? Dialectica 36 (2–3):225–42.CrossRef Google Scholar

Harding, Sandra 1986. The science question in feminism. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Harding, Sandra and O'Barr, Jean, eds. 1987. Sex and scientific inquiry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar

Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill B., eds.1983. Discovering reality: Feminist perspectives on epistemology, metaphysics, methodology, and philosophy of science. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar

Hartsock, Nancy. 1981. Social life and social science: The significance of the naturalist intentionalist dispute. In PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 325–345. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar

Hein, Hilde. 1981. Women and science: Fitting men to think about nature. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):369–77.Google Scholar

Irigaray, Luce. 1985. Speculum of the other woman. New York: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1980a. Feminist critique of science: A forward or backward move? Fundamenta Scientiae 1:341–49.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1980b. Baconian science: A hermaphroditic birth. The Philosophical Forum 11 (3):299–308.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1981. Women and science: Two cultures or one. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):362–68.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1982. Feminism and science. Signs 7 (3):589–602.CrossRef Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983a. Feminism as an analytic tool for the study of science. Academe 69 (5):15–21.CrossRef Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox 1983b. Gender and science. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 187–205. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar

Keller, Evelyn Fox. 1985. Reflections on gender and science. New York: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Koertge, Noretta 1981. Methodology, ideology and feminist critiques of science. In PSA 1980, ed. Asquith, P.D. and Giere, R.N., 346–359. Ann Arbor: Edwards Bros.Google Scholar

Longino, Helen. 1981 (Fall). Scientific objectivity and feminist theorizing. Liberal Education 67.Google Scholar

Longino, Helen. 1983a. Beyond bad science: Skeptical reflections on the value‐freedom of scientific inquiry. Science, Technology and Human Values 8:7–17.CrossRef Google Scholar

Longino, Helen. 1983b (March). Scientific objectivity and the logics of science. Inquiry.CrossRef Google Scholar

Longino, Helen and Doell, Ruth. 1983. Body, bias, and behavior: A comparative analysis of reasoning in two areas of biological science. Signs 9 (2):206–27.CrossRef Google Scholar

Lowe, Marian. 1981. Cooperation and competition in science. International Journal of Women's Studies 4 (4):362–68.Google Scholar

Mouton, Janice. 1983. A paradigm of philosoophy: The adversary method. In Discovering reality, ed. Harding, Sandra and Hintikka, Merrill, 149–164. Dordrecht, Holland: D. Reidel.Google Scholar

Purdy, Laura M 1986. Nature and nurture: A false dichotomy. Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 1 (1): 167–174.CrossRef Google Scholar

Rose, Hilary 1983. Hand, brain, and heart: A feminist epistemology for the natural sciences. Signs 9 (1):73–90.CrossRef Google Scholar

Rosser, Sue 1982. Androgyny and sociobiology. International Journal of Women's Studies 5 (5):435–444.Google Scholar

Rosser, Sue 1984. A call for feminist science. International Journal of Women's Studies 7 (1):3–9.Google Scholar

Rosser, Sue 1985. Introductory biology: Approaches to feminist transformations in course content and teaching practice. Journal of Thought 20 (3):205–17.Google Scholar

Rosser, Sue 1986. Teaching science and health from a feminist perspective. New York: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar

Stehelin, Liliane. 1980. Sciences, women and ideology. In Ideology of/in the natural sciences, ed. Rose, Hilary and Rose, Steven, 217–230. Boston: G.K. Hall.Google Scholar

Tosi, Lucia. 1975. Women's scientific creativity. Impact of Science on Society 25 (2):105–14.Google Scholar

Tuana, Nancy. 1983. Re‐fusing nature/nurture. Hypatia 3, published as a Special Issue of Women's Studies International Forum 6 (6):621–32.Google Scholar

Tuana, Nancy. 1985. Re‐presenting the world: Feminism and the natural sciences. Frontiers 8 (3):73–78.CrossRef Google Scholar

Tuana, Nancy. 1986. A Response to Purdy. Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy 1 (1): 175–178.CrossRef Google Scholar

Wallsgrove, Ruth. 1980. The masculine face of science. In Alice through the microscope, Brighton Women and Science Group, 228–240. London: Virago.Google Scholar

Whitbeck, Caroline. 1984. A different reality: Feminist ontology. In Beyond domination, ed. Gould, Carol, 64–88. New York: Rowman and Allanheld.Google Scholar

Woodhull, Ann, Lowry, Nancy and Henifin, Mary Sue 1985. Teaching for change: Feminism and the sciences. Journal of Thought 20 (3): 162–73.Google Scholar