Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-2n9c9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-15T15:13:06.072Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Nine Wise Men and the Alliance for Progress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

Sáez S. Raúl
Get access

Extract

The inter-American system represents the first attempt to implement the idea of regional cooperation. Regardless of general world opinion about the system's success, since its inception at the beginning of the nineteenth century the nations of the Americas have tried to establish a juridical order capable of solving their mutual problems, to jointly face the defense of the hemisphere, and to preserve peace in the region. In fact, however, these policies, initially expressed by the Monroe Doctrine of 1823, were first pursued unilaterally and later, after the First International Conference of American States in 1889–1890, through an ineffective collective body. They did not achieve the desired objectives and in fact only led to such violent forms of imperialism as the “big stick policy” and interventionism.

Information

Type
Articles
Information
International Organization , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , Winter 1968, pp. 244 - 269
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1968

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1 This incentive was provided by a change in the terms of trade favorable to industry, but at the same time it is necessary to recognize that this phenomenon was not a transitory one developed by the particular conditions created during those two periods but was rather a manifestation of the beginning of a long-term trend.

2 Eisenhower, Milton, “The Alliance for Progress: Historic Roots,” in Dreier, John C. (ed.), The Alliance for Progress: Problems and Perspectives (Baltimore, Md: Johns Hopkins Press, 1962), pp. 6–7Google Scholar.

3 Villa, Hernando Agudelo, La revolución del Desarrollo (Mexico City: Editorial Roble, 1966), pp. 53–54Google Scholar.

4 Eisenhower, in Dreier, p. 12. Emphasis added.

5 Eisenhower, Milton, The Wine is Bitter: The United States and Latin America (New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1963), p. 72Google Scholar.

6 Agudelo, p. 52.

7 “Second Report of the Panel of Experts: October 1, 1962, to September 30, 1963” (OAS Document OEA/Series H/X.4), p. 1.

8 “Economic Agreement of Bogotá” (OAS Document OEA/Series A/4 [SEPF]). This treaty was signed with so many reservations that it was totally ineffective.

9 “International Co-operation in a Latin American Development Policy” (UN Document E/CN.12/359, September 1954), Recommendation No. 8, p. 136.

10 Documents on International Affairs: 1958 (London: Oxford University Press [for the Royal Institute of International Affairs], 1962), pp. 429–433Google Scholar.

11 1Ibid., p. 430. Emphasis added.

12 “La ‘Operación Panamericana’ y los Trabajos de la ‘Comisión de los 21’” (OAS Document OEA/Series H/X.3.1.1), pp. 54–55.

13 Gardner, John W. (ed.), To Turn the Tide (a selection of public statements by John F. Kennedy) (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1962), p. 163Google Scholar.

14 Ibid., pp. 167–168.

15 “Alliance for Progress” (OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII. 1), p. 3.

16 Rousseau, Jean Jacques, The Social Contract and Discourses, trans. Cole, G. D. H. (New York: E. P. Dutton and Company, Inc., 1950), pp. 13–14Google Scholar.

17 See the address by Raúl Sáez at the tenth meeting of ECLA, Mar del Plata, Argentina, May 1963, contained in UN Document E/CN.12/SR.88(X).

18 Sáez, Raúl, “The Alliance for Progress” (address delivered at the gathering of members of the Institute of Engineers of Chile in Santiago, 07 26, 1962)Google Scholar. Author's translation.

19 “Report of the Panel of Experts to the Inter-American Economic and Social Council” (OAS Document OEA/Series H/X. 3 [Document 17]), pp. 38–48.

20 Rosenstein-Rodan, Paul, “La marcha de la Alianza para el Progreso,” Progress 1966/67 (New York: Vision, 12 1966), p. 172Google Scholar. Author's translation.

21 Currently, the Vietnam war, for instance.

22 “Second Report of the Panel of Experts,” p. 2.

23 The points of view of the Nine Wise Men are developed in the reports to IA-ECOSOC, in particular, in the two reports already cited, and in the IA-ECOSOC meeting in Lima (1964).

24 “Title I: Objectives of the Alliance for Progress” of the Charter of Punta del Este, contained in OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.1.

25 “Declaration to the Peoples of America,” contained in OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.1, p. 4.

26 “Report of the Panel of Experts,” p. 36. Emphasis added.

27 “Reunión Extraordinaria del Consejo Interamericano Económico y Social al nivel ministerial” (OAS Document OEA/Series H/XI.1), pp. 101–102. Author's translation.

28 Ibid., p. 139. Author's translation.

29 Toynbee, Arnold, America and the World Revolution and Other Lectures (London: Oxford University Press, 1962), p. 229Google Scholar.

30 Charter of Punta del Este, contained in OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.1, pp. 15–16.

31 Ibid., p. 16.

32 Ibid.

33 Camargo, Alberto Lleras, “Un informe sobre la Alianza para el Progreso” (OAS Document OEA/Series G/V [c-d-1103], 06 15, 1963), p. 13Google Scholar. Author's translation.

34 This decision was recognized officially some ten months later by OAS Resolution A-6/M 62 approved at the first annual meeting of IA-ECOSOC at the ministerial level, October 27, 1962, in Mexico. See OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.4.

35 “Exposición del señor Rául Sáez en nombre de la Nómina de los Nueve,” plenary session of IA-ECOSOC at the ministerial level, October 23, 1962 (OAS Document OEA/Series H/X.3), p. 6. Author's translation.

36 OAS Resolution A-8/M 62, October 27, 1962, contained in OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.4, p. 25.

37 Report of the United States Delegation to the United Nations Conference on the Application of Science and Technology for the Benefit of the Less Developed Areas, Geneva, Switzerland, February 4–20, 1963 (prepared by the Agency for International Development for the Department of State) (Washington: United States Government Printing Office, 1963), p. 259Google Scholar. Italics in original.

38 Unpublished draft, Santiago, Chile, April 1967.

39 All service de l'Europe (3rd ed.; Paris: Organization for European Economic Cooperation, 1956), p. 11Google Scholar. Author's translation.

40 “Second Report of the Panel of Experts,” pp. 87–121.

41 “Exposición General hecha por el Señor Rául Sáez de la Nómina de los Nueve,” second annual meeting of IA-ECOSOC, Paulo, Sāo, Brazil, 11 12, 1963 (OAS Document OEA/Series H/X.4 [CIES/534]), pp. 16–17Google Scholar. Author's translation.

42 “Address by the Honorable W. Averell Harriman,” second annual meeting of IA-ECOSOC, Paulo, Sao, Brazil, 11 13, 1963 (OAS Document OEA/Series H/X.4 [CIES/537]), p. 3Google Scholar. Emphasis added.

43 Resolution 1–M/63, January 7, 1964, contained in OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.6.

44 “Report of the Panel of Experts,” p. 36.

45 Agudelo, p. 197. Author's translation.

46 Nevins, Allan (ed.), The Burden and the Glory (New York: Harper & Row, 1964), p. 161Google Scholar. Emphasis added.

47 Resolution 27–M/66, April 1, 1966, contained in OAS Document OEA/Series H/XII.11, p. 55.

48 “Declaration of the Presidents of America,” contained in “Meeting of American Chiefs of State, Punta del Este, Uruguay, April 12–14, 1967” (OAS Document OEA/Series C/IX.1), p. 57.