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Soviet Atomic Energy Agreements

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2009

George Ginsburgs
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Extract

The first indications of Moscow's willingness to share its technological know how in nuclear science with other countries appeared on January 18, 1955. On that date, the Council of Ministers of the USSR published a declaration to the effect that, “attributing great importance to the use of atomic energy for peaceful purposes, the Soviet government has decided to render scientific, technical and production aid to other states in setting up experimental bases for developing research in nuclear physics and in utilizing atomic energy for peaceful purposes.”

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Type
Research Article
Information
International Organization , Volume 15 , Issue 1 , Winter 1961, pp. 49 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © The IO Foundation 1961

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References

1 Pravda and Izvestia, January 18, 1955. For a brief, general survey of East European uranium production and related Soviet policies, see Levisky, S. L., “The Soviet union and Society Uranium,” Bulletin of the Institute for the Study of the USSR (Munich), 1957 (Vol. 4, No. 2), p. 37–41Google Scholar.

2 For the text, of the Communiqué on the results of the March-April conference, see pravda and Izvestia April 30, 1955. The texts of the bilatera; agreements may the be found in Soglasheniya o Sotrudnichestve i pomoshcbi v oblasti mirnogo ispolzovaniya atomnoienergii, Zaklyuchennye Sovetskim Soyuzom s drugimistranami (Agreements on Collaboration and Assistance in teh Fieldof Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy ConCluded between the Soviet Union and Other States), Moscow, 1958, hereafter cited as Solglasheniya, and in Sbornik deistvushchikh dogovorov, soglasbenii i konventsii, zaklyuchennykb SSR s inostrannymi gosudarstvami (Collection of Treaties, Agreements and Conventions Concluded by the USSR with Foreign States and in Force), Moscow, 1960 (Vol. 17), hereafter cited as S.D.DGoogle Scholar.

3 For the text, see Soglasheniya, p. 7–9, and S.D.D., p. 108–111.

4 For the text, see Soglasheniya, p. 22–24, and S.D.D., Moscow, 1960 (Vol. 18), p. 331–334Google Scholar.

5 For the text, see Soglasheniya, p. 25–27, and S.D.D. (Vol.18), p.32I–323.

6 International Affairs, Moscow, 1956 (N. 10) p. 118Google Scholar; and Vneshnyaya torgovlya SSSR so Stranami Azii, Afriki i Latinskoi Ameriki (Foreign Trade of the USSR with Countries of Asia, Africa, and Latin America), Moscow, 1958, p.49Google Scholar.

7 The earliest US “Atoms-for-peace” treaties were initialled in May 1955. The first such treaty actually signed was with Turkey, on June 10, 1955, the text of which may be found in the Department of state Bulletin, 07 II, 1955, p. 55–57. For data on other US agreements in this field during this period, see ibid., May 23, 1955, p. 865, and June 20, 1955, p. 1018.

8 “Final Communiqué of the International Conference to Organize a Joint institute for Nuclear Research,” Pravda and Izbestia, March 27, 1956. The text of the treaty of March 27 was not published in Pravda until July 12, 1956. For text in English and French as well as Russian, see united Nations Trealy Series (Vol. 259), p. 125–143, and for text in Russian, see S.D.D. (Vol. 18), p. 334–339.

9 For the text of the Statute of the JINR, see S.D.D. (Vol. 18), p. 339–347Google Scholar. The Regulation on Personnel The Regulation on Personnel has never appered of the usual sovoiet publications. For a summary of the statute, see Lebedenko, M. M. “ Ustav Obyedinennogo instituta Yadernykh Issledovanii” (Statute of the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research), Sovetskoe Gosudarstco i pravo, 1957 (No. 2), p. 116–118Google Scholar.

10 At the height of the 1956 uprising, for instance, prof. lajos Janosi, Vice-president of the Hungarian Atomic Enetgy Commission, estimated that “they [the Soviet authorities] cannot have taken much out of the country. The news that 16 tons did go out seems to be true, but that would mean 16 tons of uraniim ore. Very little uranium can be yielded form that, and its value is not very great.” Cited in Lasky, M. J., ed., The Hungarian Revolution, London, 1957, p. 178Google Scholar. see also Fejtö, F., Behind the Rape of Hungary, New york, 1957, p. 135–140Google Scholar.

11 Cf. Figurnov, P. K. and Sladkovskii, M. I., eds., Razvitie ekonomiki i vneshneekonomicheskikh svyazei Kilaiskoi Narodnoi Respubliki (The Development of the Economy and Foreign Economic Relations of the Chinese People's Republic), Moscow, 1959, p. 457Google Scholar.

12 Pavlov, N., “Edinstvo stran sotsialisticheskogo lagerya i ikh mezhdunarodnye otnosheniya” (Unity of the Countries of the Socialist Camp and Their International Relations), in Voprosy vneshnt't politiki stran sotsialisticheskogo lagerya (Sbornik statei)(Questions of Foreign Policy of the States of the Socialist Camp: Collection of Articles), Moscow, 1958, p. 19–20Google Scholar.

13 The New York Times 01 16, 1960, p. 10Google Scholar.

14 Soglasheniya, p. 9, and Kozik, A. A., ed., Ekonomicheskoe sotrudnichestvo i vzaimopomoshch mezhdu Sovetskim Soyuzom i Evropeiskimi stranami narodnoi demokratii (Economic Cooperation and Mutual Assistance between the Soviet Union and the European Countries of People's Democracy), Moscow, 1958, p. 226–227Google Scholar.

15 Larin, V., Mezhdunarodnoe Agenstvo po Atomnoi Energii (International Atomic Energy Agency), Moscow, 1957, p. 6–7Google Scholar, and Tarasenko, V. A., Atomnaya problema vo vneshnei politike SShA (The Atomic Problem in the Foreign Policy of the United States), Kiev, 1958, p. 224Google Scholar.

16 The New York Times, 10 22, 1959, p. 9, and November 6, 1959, p. 2Google Scholar.

17 Dokumente zur Aussenpolitik der Regierung der Deuticben Demokratischen Republik (Vol. 5), p. 645–650; Rude Pravo, Prague, January 30, 1957, and New times, 1957 (No. 6), p. 37–43; and The New york times, February 19, 1960, p. 3. According to Czechoslobak Life, Prague, January 1957, a nuclear reactor was furnished by the Soviwt unionthe Soviet union to the Czechoslovak Nuclear Physics Institute that year.

18 Izvestia, March 15, 1957, and Dokumente (Vol. 5), p. 686–687. For “Wismuth's” operations, see Grishin, N. “The Saxony uranium Minig Operation (‘Vismut’)Google Scholar, in Slusser, R. M., ed., Soviet Economic Policy in Postwar Germany, New york, 1953, p. 127–153Google Scholar.

19 Pravda and Izvestia, March 29, 1957; Nepizabadsag, Budapest, March 29, 1957; and Tomashevskii, D. G., “Vneshnyaya politika Narodnoi Polshi” (The Foreign Policy of People's Poland), in 15 let Narodnoi Polshi (15 Years of People's Poland), Moscow, 1959, p. 145Google Scholar. Hungary's first atomic reactor, built and equipped with Russian aid went into operation in April 1959; see Grushin, P. A. “Vneshneekonomicheskie svyazi Vengerskoi Narodnoi Respubliki” (Foreign Economic Relations of teh Hungarian people's Republic), in 15 let svobodnoi Vengrii (15 Years of Free Hungary), Moscow, 1960, p. 155–156Google Scholar.

20 lzvestia, 02 13, 1957, and Vneshnyayatorgotilya, 1957 (No. 7), p.34; and “The New Nuclear Reactor” Yugoslav Life, Belgrade, January 1960, p. 12Google Scholar.

21 Reuter, P., International Organizations, translatedby Chapman, J. M.New york, 1958 p. 215Google Scholar.

22 For the second session of the Scientific Council, Pravda, May 21, 1957, revealed that of the five sectors in the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics at least three were headed by Russians. Similarly, the Laboratories of Neutron Physics and Nuclear Problems are run by Russian directors. At its fifth session, Pravda, January 15, 1959. indicated that the head of the Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, too, is a Soviet scientist. Moreincluding over, the Institute's Administrative Director, whose term of office is unknown, also seems to be a Russian, V. N. Sergeenko, to judge from Pravda, January 22, 1959.

23 The cyclotron of EONR began functioning in Geneva in November 1959 and now represents the most powerful installation of this type in existence.

24 The New York Times, November 21, 1959, p. 4.

25 Malinin, S. A., “Pravovya formy mezhdunarodnogo sotrudnichestva v oblasti mirnogo ispolzovaniya atomnoi encrgii” (Legal Forms of International Cooperation in the Peaceful Use of Atomic Energy), Sovetskoe Gosudantvo i Praiio, 1957 (No. 7), p. 122Google Scholar; Larin, V., op. cit., p. 9, and “Mezhdunarodnoe sotrudnichestvo v oblasti mirnogo ispolzovaniya atomnoi energii” (International Cooperation in the Field of Peaceful Use ofAtomic Energy), Sovetskii Ezhegodnik Mezbdunarodno Prava, 1958 (Soviet Yearbook of International Law, 1958), Moscow, 1959, p. 371. In his article,“Atoms for Peace and Progress,”Google ScholarNew Times, 1957 (No. 8), p. 11–12, the same author strongly objected to the idea of IAEA's operating along essentially commercial linesGoogle Scholar.