Published online by Cambridge University Press: 07 August 2014
Plate XI illustrates a white magnesite cylinder seal, surmounted by a small recumbent ram in silver, which was acquired by the Ashmolean Museum at Sotheby's sale of the Ernest Brummer Collection on 16th and 17th of November, 1964.
The cylinder is engraved with a continuous design in two registers, combining cattle with reed buildings. The ram is probably attached to the end of a copper spindle, or what remains of it, designed to rotate in a perforation drilled through the axis of the cylinder. This cannot in fact be verified, for the ram is now immovable and nothing can be seen at the opposite end of the perforation except a tough filling of earth mixed with products of corrosion, which could not be removed without danger to the cylinder. An unexpectedly fine perforation is seen on each side of the ram itself, placed rather high, as if to take an exceedingly thin suspending thread. This perforation, too, is now obstructed.
The proportions of the seal, as well as the style and subject of its design and of the ram which forms its handle, all associate it with the latest proto-literate or predynastic phase of Sumerian culture; specifically, with the third level of the Archaic Temple sequence at Uruk (Warka).