Hostname: page-component-7b7567c8c-kwt9d Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-14T06:34:11.766Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Islamizing Java? Religion and Politics in Rural East Java

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 March 2011

Robert W. Hefner
Get access

Extract

Scholarly discussion of Javanese society has consistently linked variation in Islamic orthodoxy to differences of socioeconomic class, political behavior, and social conflict. In the most widely known sociological formula, Clifford Geertz distinguished three varieties of Javanese Islam and correlated each with a particular social class. Abangan, or Javanist Muslim, tradition was described as a syncretic blend of animist, Hindu-Buddhist, and Islamic elements that was predominant among the mass of rural Javanese. Santri tradition was identified as a more orthodox variant of Islam, especially widespread among merchants and wealthier peasants. Finally, priyayi tradition was identified as an elite heritage strongly influenced by the Hindu-Buddhist values of earlier Javanese courts and linked to Java's traditional gentry and the administrative bureaucracy that replaced it in the modern era (Geertz 1956; Geertz 1960:5–6).

Information

Type
Articles
Information
The Journal of Asian Studies , Volume 46 , Issue 3 , August 1987, pp. 533 - 554
Copyright
Copyright © The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 1987

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

List of References

Alexander, Jennifer, and Alexander, Paul. 1979. “Labour Demands and the ‘Involution’ of Javanese Agriculture.” Social Analysis 3:22–44.Google Scholar
Anderson, BenedictO'G, R.. 1977. “Religion and Politics in Indonesia Since Independence.” In O'g, Benedict R.. Anderson, Mitsuo Nakamura, and Slamet, Mohammad, eds., Religion and Social Ethos in Indonesia, pp. 21–32. Clayton, Australia: Monash University, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Benda, Harry J. 1983. The Crescent and the Rising Sun: Indonesian Islam Under the Japanese Occupation, 1942–1945. Leiden: Foris Publications.Google Scholar
Boland, B. J. 1982. The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bonneff, Marcel. 1985. “Indonésie.” In Bonneff, M., Chambert-Loir, H., Lombard, Denys, and Pelras, Christian, eds. L'Islam en Indonésie 1:53–67. Paris: Association Archipel.Google Scholar
Dhofier, Zamakhsyari. 1978. “Santri-Abangan dalam Kehidupan Orang Jawa: Teropong dari Pesantren.” Prisma 7, no. 5:48–63.Google Scholar
Dobbin, Christine. 1980. “Islam and Economic Change in Indonesia Circa 1750–1930.” In Fox, James J., ed., Indonesia: The Making of a Culture, pp. 247–62. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies.Google Scholar
Ecklund, Judith L. 1979. “Tradition or Non-Tradition: Adat, Islam, and Local Control on Lombok.” In Davis, Gloria, ed., What Is Modern Indonesian Culture?, pp. 249–67. Athens, Ohio: Center for International Studies.Google Scholar
Elson, R. E. 1978. The Cultivation System and “Agricultural Involution.” Clayton, Australia: Monash University, Department of History.Google Scholar
Emmerson, Donald K. 1978. “The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength.” In Jackson and Pye 1978:82–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feith, Herbert. 1957. The Indonesian Elections of 1955. Interim Report Series, Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Feith, Herbert. 1982. “The Study of Indonesian Politics: A Survey and an Apologia.” In Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, pp. 41–53. Interim Report Series, Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1956. “Religious Belief and Economic Behavior in a Central Javanese Town: Some Preliminary Considerations.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 4, no. 2:134–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1960. The Religion of Java. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1963. Agricultural Involution. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1965. “Modernization in a Muslim Society: The Indonesian Case.” In Bellah, Robert N., ed., Religion and Progress in Modern Asia, pp. 93–108. New York: Free Press.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1972. “Religious Change and Social Order in Soeharto's Indonesia.” Asia 27:62–84.Google Scholar
Geertz, Clifford. 1973. “Ritual and Social Change: A Javanese Example.” In Geertz, , The Interpretation of Cultures, pp. 142–69. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Hatley, Ron. 1984. “Mapping Cultural Regions of Java.” In Hatley, , ed., Other Javas Away from the Kraton, pp. 1–32. Clayton, Australia: Monash University, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1983a. “Ritual and Cultural Reproduction in Non-Islamic Java.” American Ethnologist 10, no. 4:665–83.Google Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1983b. “The Problem of Preference: Ritual and Economic Change in Highland Java.” Man, n.s. 18: 669–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1985. Hindu Javanese: Tengger Tradition and Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hefner, Robert W. 1987. “The Political Economy of Islamic Conversion in Modern East Java.” In Roff, William R., ed., Islam and the Political Economy of Meaning: Comparative Studies of Muslim Discourse, pp. 53–78. London: Croom Helm.Google Scholar
Hering, B. B., and Willis, G. A.. 1973. The Indonesian General Election of 1971. Brussels: Centre d'Étude du Sud-Est Asiatique et de l'Extrême-Orient.Google Scholar
Jackson, Karl D. 1978. “Bureaucratic Polity: A Theoretical Framework for the Analysis of Power and Communications in Indonesia.” In Jackson and Pye 1978:3–22.Google Scholar
Jackson, Karl D., and Pye, Lucian W.. 1978. Political Power and Communications in Indonesia. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jasper, J. E. 1926. Tengger en de Tenggereezen. Batavia: Druk van G. Kolff.Google Scholar
Jay, Robert T. 1963. Religion and Politics in Rural Central Java. Cultural Report Series, no. 12, Program in Southeast Asian Studies. New Haven: Yale University.Google Scholar
Jay, Robert T. 1969. Javanese Villagers: Social Relations in Rural Modjokuto. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Jay, Robert T. 1971. “History and Personal Experience: Religious and Political Conflict in Java.” In Spencer, Robert F., ed., Religion and Change in Contemporary Asia, pp. 143–64. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Google Scholar
Kahin, George M. 1952. Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Kartodirdjo, Sartono. 1966. The Peasants' Revolt of Banten in 1888: Its Conditions, Course, and Sequel. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
King, Dwight Y. 1982. “Indonesia's New Order as a Bureaucratic Polity, A Neopatrimonial Regime, or a Bureaucratic-Authoritarian Regime: What Difference Does It Make?” In Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, pp. 104–16. Interim Report Series, Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Koentjaraningrat, R. M. 1963. “Review of The Religion of Java.” Majalah Ilmu-Ilmu Sastra Indonesia no. 2:188–91.Google Scholar
Koentjaraningrat, R. M. 1985. Javanese Culture. Singapore: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kumar, Ann. 1976. Surapati: Man and Legend. Leiden: E. J. Brill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kumar, Ann 1979. “Javanese Historiography in and of the ‘Colonial Period’: A Case Study.” In Reid, A. and Marr, D., eds., Perceptions of the Past in Southeast Asia, pp. 187–206. Singapore: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Labrousse, Pierre, and Soemargono, Farida. 1985. “De l'Islam comme morale du développement: L'action des bureaux de propagation de la foi (Lembaga Dakwah) vue de Surabaya.” In Bonneff, M., Chambert-Loir, H., Lombard, Denys, and Pelras, Christian, eds., L'Islam en Indonésie 2:219–28. Paris: Association Archipel.Google Scholar
La Chapelle, H. M. 1899. “Nota Betreffende het Tengger-Gebied.” Tijdschrift voor Indische Taal-, Land-, en Volkenkunde 41:32–54.Google Scholar
Lerwerden, J. D. van. 1844. “Aanteekeningen Nopens de Zeden en Gebruiken der Bevolking van het Tenggers Gebergte.” Verhandelingen van het Bataviaasch Genootschap van Kunsten en Wetenschappen 20:60–93.Google Scholar
Liddle, R. William. 1978. “Participation and the Political Parties.” In Jackson and Pye 1978:171–95.Google Scholar
Lyon, M. L. 1970. Bases of Conflict in Rural Java. Research Monograph, no. 3, Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies. Berkeley: University of California.Google Scholar
Lyon, M. L. 1980. “The Hindu Revival in Java: Politics and Religious Identity.” In Fox, James J., ed., Indonesia: The Making of a Culture, pp. 205–20. Canberra: Research School of Pacific Studies.Google Scholar
Mackie, Jamie. 1982. “Indonesia Since 1945—Problems of Interpretation.” In Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, pp. 117–30. Interim Report Series, Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
McVey, Ruth T. 1982. “The Beamtenstaat in Indonesia.” In Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, pp. 84–91. Interim Report Series, Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Mortimer, Rex. 1974. Indonesian Communism Under Sukarno. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Mortimer, Rex 1982. “Class, Social Cleavage, and Indonesian Communism.” In Anderson, Benedict and Kahin, Audrey, eds., Interpreting Indonesian Politics: Thirteen Contributions to the Debate, pp. 54–68. Interim Report Series, Modern Indonesia Project, Southeast Asia Program. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Nakamura, Mitsuo. 1983. The Crescent Arises over the Banyan Tree: A Study of the Muhammadiyah Movement in a Central Javanese Town. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.Google Scholar
Noer, Deliar. 1978. The Administration of Islam in Indonesia. Monograph Series, no. 58, Cornell Modern Indonesia Project. Ithaca: Cornell University.Google Scholar
Noer, Deliar 1983. “Contemporary Political Dimensions of Islam.” In Hooker, M. B., ed., Islam in Southeast Asia, pp. 183–215. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Pigeaud, Th. G. Th. 1967. Literature of Java. 3 vols. The HagueM: Martinus Nijhoff.Google Scholar
Raillon, François. 1985. “Islam et Ordre Nouveau ou l'imbroglio de la foi et de la politique.” In Bonneff, M., Chambert-Loir, H., Lombard, Denys, and Pelras, Christian, eds., L'Islam en Indonésie 2:229–61. Paris: Association Archipel.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C. 1979. “Six Centuries of Islamization in Java.” In Levtzion, N., ed., Conversion to Islam, pp. 100–128. New York: Holmes and Meier.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, M. C. 1981. A History of Modern Indonesia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roff, William R. 1985. “Islam Obscured? Some Reflections on Studies of Islam and Society in Southeast Asia.” In Bonneff, M., Chambert-Loir, H., Lombard, Denys, and Pelras, Christian, eds., L'Islam en Indónesie 1:7–34. Paris: Association Archipel.Google Scholar
Rouffaer, G. P. 1921. “Tenggereezen.” Encydopaedie van Nederlandscb-Indie, pp. 298–308. Leiden: E. J. Brill.Google Scholar
Samson, Allan A. 1971–1972. “Army and Islam in Indonesia.” Pacific Affairs 44, no. 4:545–65.Google Scholar
Samson, Allan A. 1978. “Conceptions of Politics, Power, and Ideology in Contemporary Indonesian Islam.” In Jackson and Pye 1978: 196–226.Google Scholar
Sundhaussen, Ulf. 1978. “The Military: Structure, Procedures, and Effects on Indonesian Society.” In Jackson and Pye 1978: 45–81.Google Scholar
Tamara, M. Nasir. 1985. “Islam as a Political Force in Indonesia: 1965–1985.” Occasional paper, Center for International Affairs. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University.Google Scholar
Van Niel, Robert. 1972. “Measurement of Change Under the Cultivation System in Java, 1837–1851.” Indonesia 14:89–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waardenburg, Jacques. 1984. “Muslims and Other Believers: The Indonesian Case.” In Israeli, Raphael and Johns, Anthony H., eds., Islam in Asia: Southeast Asia and East Asia, pp. 24–65. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Walkin, Jacob. 1969. “The Moslem-Communist Confrontation in East Java, 1964–65.” Orbis 13, no. 3:822–47.Google Scholar
Ward, Ken. 1974. The 1971 Election in Indonesia: An East Java Case Study. Monash Papers on Southeast Asia, no. 2. Clayton, Australia: Monash University, Centre for Southeast Asian Studies.Google Scholar
Wertheim, W. F. 1969. “From Aliran Towards Class Struggle in the Countryside of Java.” Pacific Viewpoint 10, no. 2:1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar