¹ Edwards, Thomas, Gangraena (1646), pt. 1, p. 145. (All references are from the facsimile edition published by the Rota and the University of Exeter, 1977.)

² For a very useful survey, see Lake, Peter, “Defining Puritanism—Again?” in Puritanism: Transatlantic Perspectives on a Seventeenth-Century Anglo-American Faith, ed. Bremer, Francis J. (Boston, 1993), pp. 3–29.

³ For a recent introduction to some of these debates, see Lamont, William, Puritanism and Historical Controversy (London, 1996).

⁴ The earlier view of an oppositional Puritan movement is presented in Haller, William, The Rise of Puritanism (New York, 1935), and Liberty and Reformation in the Puritan Revolution (New York, 1955). For Puritanism as part of the mainstream of English Protestantism, see Collinson, Patrick, The Religion of Protestants (Oxford, 1982). For the “invention” of the stage Puritan, see Collinson, Patrick, “Ecclesiastical Vitriol: Religious Satire in the 1590s and the Invention of Puritanism,” in The Reign of Elizabeth, ed. Guy, John (Cambridge, 1995), pp. 150–70.

⁵ Tyacke, Nicholas, “Puritanism, Arminianism and Counter-Revolution,” in The Origins of the English Civil War, ed. Russell, Conrad (New York, 1973), pp. 119–43, has formed the inspiration for most of the arguments here.

⁶ See, in particular, Hill, Christopher, The World Turned Upside Down: Radical Ideas during the English Revolution (London, 1972).

⁷ Lake, Peter, “‘A Charitable Christian Hatred’: The Godly and Their Enemies in the 1630s,” in The Culture of English Puritanism, 1560–1700, ed. Durston, Christopher and Eales, Jacqueline (Basingstoke, 1996), pp. 145–83, quote at p. 183.

⁸ Lake, , “‘A Charitable Christian Hatred,’” pp. 154, 157, and “Defining Puritanism,” p. 10.

⁹ Saltmarsh, John, Groanes for Liberty (London, 1646), p. 5.

¹⁰ Goodwin, John, Cretensis or A Briefe Answer to an Ulcerous Treatise, Lately Published by Mr Thomas Edwards (London, 1646).

¹¹ Coffey, John, “Puritanism and Liberty Revisited: The Case for Toleration in the English Revolution,” Historical Journal 41, no. 4 (1998): 961–85.

¹² For important work that bridges the gaps between the mid-sixteenth century and the 1620s, stressing the importance of lay-clerical networks, see Tyacke, Nicholas, The Fortunes of English Puritanism, 1603–1640 (London, 1990); and Eales, Jacqueline, “A Road to Revolution: The Continuity of Puritanism, 1559–1642,” in Durston, and Eales, , eds., Culture of English Puritanisms, pp. 184–209.

¹³ For further discussion, see Graham, Elspeth, “Authority, Resistance and Loss: Gendered Difference in the Writings of John Bunyan and Hannah Allen,” in John Bunyan and His England, 1628–88, ed. Laurence, Anne, Owens, W. Robert, and Sim, Stuart (Ronceverte, W.Va., 1990), pp. 115–30; Webster, Tom, “Writing to Redundancy: Approaches to Spiritual Journals and Early Modern Spirituality,” Historical Journal 39, no. 1 (1996): 33–56.

¹⁴ For an attempt to reinvigorate the “Weber thesis” in a British context, see Marshall, Gordon, Presbyteries and Profits: Calvinism and the Development of Capitalism in Scotland (Oxford, 1980); for skepticism, see Seaver, Paul, “The Puritan Work Ethic Revisited,” Journal of British Studies 19 (1980): 35–53. Calhoun, Craig, ed., Habermas and the Public Sphere (Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1992), deals with the role of religion in the development of a public sphere.

¹⁵ Edwards, , Gangraena, pp. 8, 41–42.