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⁴ Ibid., 127.

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⁹ Ibid., 4.

¹⁰ Lang, Andrew, The Life and Letters of John Gibson Lockhart (London, 1897), I, 365.Google Scholar

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¹² Ibid., I, 367.

¹³ Ibid., 1, 397.

¹⁴ Ibid., II, 51–2.

¹⁵ The Journal of Sir Walter Scott, (Edinburgh, 1890), II, 262Google Scholar. Frances Jeffrey, editor of the Edinburgh Review, wrote to Charles Wilkes on 13 April 1822, “The most disgusting pecularity of the present times is the brutal scurrility and personality of the party press, originally encouraged by ministers, though I believe they would now gladly get rid of it; but from their patronage and general appetite for scandal it has become too lucrative a thing to be sacrificed to their hints, and goes on, and will go on, for the benefit and at the pleasure of the venal wretches who supply it.” Cockburn, Lord, Life of Lord Jeffrey with a Selection from His Correspondence (Edinburgh, 1852), n, 200Google Scholar. Jeffrey even had qualms about the Edinburgh Review. He wrote to Frances Homer on May 11, 1803, “The risk of sinking in the general estimation and being considered as fairly articled to a trade that is not perhaps the most respectable has staggered me more, I will acknowledge than any other consideration.” Ibid, I, 145. “From the very first J have been anxious to keep clear of any tradesman like concern in the Review and to confine myself pretty strictly to intercourse with gentlemen only as contributors.” Nov. 1, 1827. Ibid., 280.

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²² See Sir Robinson, John R., Fifty Years of Fleet Street (London, 1904).Google Scholar

²³ Stevenson, L. T., The Background and Economics of American Papermaking (New York, 1840)Google Scholar. Small papers were probably carried on long credit by paper mills. Jo-sephus Daniels purchased paper on credit from mill, W. F. Askew's, Daniels, Josephus, Tar Heel Editor (Chapel Hill, 1939), 249–50Google Scholar.

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²⁸ Collet, C. D., History of the Taxes on Knowledge (London, 1933), 162–5.Google Scholar

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³² Milne, James, The Memoirs of a Bookman (London, 1934), 230.Google Scholar

³³ On reaching farthest north in Greenland, Brainard of the Greeley expedition in 1882 wrote on May 14th, “I have never yet visited anywhere without finding Plantation Bitters advertised conspicuously. This is the highest explored latitude, could be no exception, and on the slab in the face of the cliff I carved the familiar characters St. 1860X.”

³⁴ Presbrey, Frank, The History and Development of Advertising (Garden City, 1929), 272.Google Scholar

³⁵ See Sullivan, Mark, The Education of an American (New York, 1938).Google Scholar

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³⁷ “The London Times is emphatically a paper for men.… American women read newspapers as much as their liege lords. The paper must accommodate itself to this fact; and hence the American sheet involves a variety of topics and diversity of contents.” Reymond in The New York Times, Oct. 14, 1852. Breyer, 242.

³⁸ Irwin, Will, Propaganda and the News (New York, 1936).Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ Beaverbrook, Lord, Politicians and the Press (London, n. d.).Google Scholar

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⁴⁷ See Butler, Pierce, The Origin of Printing in Europe (Chicago, 1940), Ch. I.Google Scholar

⁴⁸ The significance of the newspaper to the social sciences has been evident in the deterioration, since Adam Smith, shown in the increasing obsession with facts and figures in relation to the short run immediate problems of bureaucracies, in the increasing specialization and departmentalization of the social sciences, and in their consequent divisiveness and sterility. Economic history has suffered either as a handmaiden of bureaucracy or a sink of antiquarianism. See Kierstead, B. S., Essentials of Price Theory (Toronto, 1942), v–viiiGoogle Scholar.