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The site of Poemanenum is a vexed question in Mysian topography, on which no clinching evidence is as yet forthcoming: it is important for its bearing (a) on the Roman road-system, and especially on Aristides' routes, and (b) on the geography of the Byzantine wars. The position of the place may thus be deduced from two sets of data relating respectively to the Roman road-post and to the Byzantine fortress: those who work from road-evidence alone tend to place the site either on the Aesepus at Gunen, or, more vaguely, in the Tarsius valley: those who lay stress on the Byzantine evidence point inevitably to Eski Manyas, a village some few miles south of the lake of the same name.
The claims of Eski Manyas to the Byzantine site appear to me incontestable: to put quite briefly what has often been discussed at length, we have here remains of the strongest Byzantine castle in the district, in a position corresponding to what we know of Poemanenum; and, besides this, an echo of the ancient name is evidently preserved.
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References
1 The identification was first made by Hamilton (ii. 105): for descriptions of the site see also Mordtmann, A. D. in Ausland 1855, 587Google Scholar; Dorigny, A. Sorlin in Rev. Arch. xxxiv. 102 ff.Google Scholar; Munro, J. A. R. in Geog. Journ. 1897, 160Google Scholar; and Wiegand, Th. in Ath. Mitth. xxix. 282Google Scholar. Le Bas placed Poemanenum, fortress and village, near Kestelek, (Rev. Philol. i. 211–216Google Scholar, cf. de St. Martin, V. in Nouvelles Annales des Voyages, 1845, ii. 139–40)Google Scholar.
2 Cf. especially a form Ποιμανίου which occurs in several episcopal lists.
3 Trans. Norberg, ii. 530. The road passed from Ulubad bridge by Satyr to Körpeagatch.
4 A boundary stone was found at Mihallitch, (Ath. Mitth. xiv. 247Google Scholar, J.H.S. xvii. 271, 13, cf. ib. xxiv. 24).
5 See Ath. Mitth. xxix. 272.
6 Ath. Mitth. ix. 35. The provenance given is ‘South of Gunen.’
7 i. 502–3, Dind.
8 P. 158 (after Kiepert) though he identified it with Manyas, doubting the correctness of the letter's position on the map.
9 De Medic. Simplic. ix. 127.
10 P. 168.
11 J.H.S. xxi. 234–5.
12 Ansbert (ed. Dobrowsky); Tageno (Freher Scriptores R. German.), Anon. Canisii, (Thesaurus iii. 527Google Scholar, ed. 1728 Antw.)
13 Anon. Canis. Ansbert has inter civitatem Archangelon et castrum quoddam.
14 Acrop. 37 B ἐν τοῖς μέρεσι τοῦ Ποιμανηνοῦ
15 About an hour below Suleimanly on Kiepert's map.
16 A somewhat similar plaque exists in the Louvre (Catal. Bronzes No. 616): the type is not uncommon, e.g., Berlin, Catal. Sculp. Nos. 692, 699.
17 Inscrr. de la Thrace, p. 513. Unfortunately none seem to be illustrated.
18 It is perhaps pertinent in the present connexion to cite as an example the name Poemanenum and the Macedonian tribe Poemenii mentioned by Radet, Stephanus. (de Coloniis a Macedonilms … deductis, p. 10)Google Scholar assigns a Macedonian origin to the place on the ground of Pliny's juxtaposition of Poemaneni Macedones.
19 Cf. e.g. Perrot, , Perse, p. 801Google Scholar, Fig. 474, and the cylinder (Babelon, , Coll. Pauvert de la Chapelle, Pl. III. 17Google Scholar) compared by Mr. Hill (B. M. Cat. Cyprus, cxi.) with the Evagoras coin-type.
20 Babelon, Perses Achéménìdes, p. cxxiii.
21 Lycia, Cyprus, and S. Russia; see Furtwaengler, , Goldfund von Vettersfelde, p. 23Google Scholar: I owe this reference to the kindness of Mr. O. M. Dalton.
22 J.G.S. 1897, 158.
23 ᾿Αντεγράφη ἐν τινὶ Τουρκικῷ χωρίῳ πλησίον τῆς τοποθεσίας τῆς ἐν Μυσίᾳ Μιλπτοπόλεως ῾Εστὶ δὲ κεχαραγμένη ἐπὶ βάθρου προφανῆ φέρον τος σημεῖα ὄτι ἐχρησίμευσεν ὡς βάσις ἀγάλματος
24 In his τος σημεῖα ὄτι ἐχρησίμευσεν ὡς βάσις ἀγάλματος Κυζίκου printed with ᾿Ακολουθία τοῦ ἐν ἁγίοις πατρὸς ἡμῶν Αἱμιλιανοῦ ἐπισκόπου τῆς Κυζίκου Cons. 1876, pp. 26, 27: Καθ᾿ ἡμὰς πιθανώτατα λέγουσιν οἱ τιθέντες αὐτὴν [Μιλητούπολιν] παρὰ τὸ Τουρκικὸν χωρίον Χαμαμλί, συμπερι λαμβανομένου καὶ τοῦ νέου Χριστιανικοῦ χωρίου Χατζῆ-Παγὼν Κιοι
25 Babelon, , Inv.; Waddington 996Google Scholar (Commodus, ); cf. also Zeitschr. f. Num. iii. 123Google Scholar.
26 Waddington, , Vie ď Aristide, pp. 66Google Scholar; cf. Dio Cass. lxxi. 37.
27 Constantinople, Keil, 1895.
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