¹ Wertheim, W. F., Indonesia Society in Transition (The Hague and Bandung: W. Van Hoeve Ltd., 1959), pp. 133–169. Race is used by Wertheim and will be used in this paper to distinguish between Chinese and Indonesians. A discussion of the operational definition as used in this paper appears later in the text.Google Scholar

² Ibid, p. 143

³ Kahin, George McT., Nationalism and Revolution in Indonesia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1952), pp. 27–36.Google Scholar

⁴ Wertheim, op. cit., pp. 143–144.

⁵ The totok-peranakan dichotomy has been used in a number of studies, e.g. Giok-Lan, Tan, The Chinese of Sukabumi (Ithaca: Southeast Asia Studies Program, Cornell University, 1965)Google Scholar; Willmott, Donald E., The Chinese of Semarang (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1960)Google Scholar; Skinner, G. William, “The Chinese Minority” in Mckey, Ruth, ed., Indonesia (New Haven: HRAF Press, 1963)Google Scholar. For a recent treatment see Mabbett, Hugh and Mabbett, Ping Ching, “The Chinese Community in Indonesia, Part One, in Minority Rights Group, The Chinese in Indonesia, the Philippines, and Malaysia, (London: Minority Rights Group 1972), pp. 4–7.Google Scholar

⁶ More detailed information on the study is available from Grant Research.

⁷ This problem is mentioned in Castles, Lance, “The Ethnic Profiles of Djakarta,” Indonesia, 1 (1967), pp. 133–134Google Scholar and Postma, Petronella A.“Djakarta and Family Planning,” Nanyang Quarterly, 1 (1971), pp. 29–30.Google Scholar

⁸ Cator, W. J., The Economic Position of the Chinese in the Netherlands Indies (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1936), p. 103.Google Scholar

⁹ Ibid, p. 103.

¹⁰ Willmott, op. cit., p. 9.

¹¹ Lance Castles, op. cit., pp. 170–171.

¹² Thompson, Virginia and Adhoff, Richard, Minority Problems in Southeast Asia (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955) p. 49.Google Scholar

¹³ Selosoemardjan, , Social Change in Jogjakarta. (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1962), p. 7.Google Scholar

¹⁴ Mabbett and Mabbett, op. cit., pp. 5–6.

¹⁵ 15 Cator, op. cit., pp. 103–104.

¹⁶ Willmott, op. cit., p. 37.

¹⁷ Tan, op. cit.,

¹⁸ Hans-Dieter Evers, “Group Conflict and Class Formation in Southeast Asia,” in Hans-Dieter Evers, ed. Modernization in Southeast Asia (Kuala Lumpur and London: Oxford University Press, forthcoming).

¹⁹ Mabbett and Mabbett, op. cit., pp. 12–13

²⁰ Ralph Anspach, “Indonesia” in Golay, Frank et al. , Under-development and Economic Nationalism in Southeast Asia (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1969), p. 201.Google Scholar

²¹ Status inconsistency has received considerable attention from sociologists; the classic reference is Lenski, Gerhard E., “Status Crystallization: A Non-Vertical Dimension of Social Status”, American Sociological Review, 19 (1954), pp. 405–413CrossRefGoogle Scholar. This concept is usually measured across a number of variables at the individual level, but the suggestion here is that there is not only consistency/inconsistency across variables, but also across the household and individual levels. See, Anderson, Benedict O. G., “The Languages of Indonesian Politics,’ Indonesia 1 (1966), pp. 89–116.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²² Anspach, op. cit., p. 201; also Skinner, op. cit., p. 117.

²³ Willmott, op. cit., pp. 111–112.

²⁴ Charles Coppel, personal communication.

²⁵ These figures are computed from Willmott, op. cit., p. 112.

²⁶ Tan, Mely G., Djumadias, , Suharso, , Rachardjo, Julfita, Sutedjo, , adn Sumardjo, , Social and Cultural Aspects of Food Patterns and Food Habits in Five Rural Areas in Indonesia (Jakarta: National Institute of Economic and Social Research and Office of Nutrition, Department of Health, 1970).Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid, p. 35.

²⁸ Ibid, p. 39.

²⁹ Mabbett and Mabbett, op. cit., p. 12.