Hostname: page-component-74656f9884-2dmjx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-09T22:51:11.268Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Approaches to representing and reasoning with technical regulatory information

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 July 2009

Paul Wai Hing Chung  and
David Stone
Paul Wai Hing Chung
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough Univeristy of Technology, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
David Stone
Affiliation:
The Building Directorate, Scottish Office, New St. Andrew's House, Edinburgh EHI 3SZ, Scotland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Regulatory information has a direct and significant effect on the safety, economics and quality of many industries' operations and end-products. However, standards documents are often voluminous and can be complex. Users of such standards need to invest considerable time and effort to become familiar with the structure and content of the documents. Therefore, it has long been recognized that computer handling of this information is a potentially useful application area. This paper provides an overview of the work that has been done to provide computer systems that will help both users and authors of regulations. The emphasis is on using advanced symbolic computing techniques that would help in accessing, interpreting and applying the information.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
The Knowledge Engineering Review , Volume 9 , Issue 2 , June 1994 , pp. 147 - 162
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1994

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

Ashrae, , 1989. ASHRAEIIES Standard 90.1–1989 Energy Efficient Design of New Buildings Except Low-Rise Residential Buildings, American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning.Google Scholar
Bourdeau, M, 1991. “The CD-REEF: The French Building Technical Rule on CD-ROM”. In: Kahkonen, K and Bjork, B (eds.), Computers and Building Regulations. VTT Symposium 125, Technical Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Brown, DC and Chandrasekaran, B, 1989. Design Problem Solving, Knowledge Structures and Control Strategies. Pitman.Google Scholar
Brownston, L, Farell, R, Kant, E and Martin, N, 1985. Programming Expert Systems in OPS5. Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Casson, A, 1993. PLINTH: Integrating Hypertext, Semantic Nets and Rule-Based Systems in an Expertext Sheilfor Authors and Readers of Regulatory Documents. AIAI-TR-142, Artificial Intelligent Applications Institute, University of Edinburgh, 09.Google Scholar
Casson, A and Stone, D, 1992. “An expertext system for building standards”. In: Computers and Building Standards Workshop. Montreal, Canada, 05 12.Google Scholar
Clark, K, 1978. “Negation as failure”. In: Gallaire, H and Minkes, J (eds.), Logic and Data Bases. Plenum.Google Scholar
Clocksin, W and Mellish, C, 1984. Programming in Prolog (2nd Edition). Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Conklin, J and Begeman, M, 1988. “gIBIS: A hypertext tool for exploratory policy discussion”. ACM Transactions on Office Information Systems 6(4) 303–331.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conklin, J, 1989. “Hypertext: An introduction and survey”. IEEE Computer 20(9) 17–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crawley, DB and Boulin, JJ, 1991. “ENVSTD: A computer program for complying with building envelope requirements”. In: Kahkonen, K and Bjork, B (eds.), Computers and Building Regulations. VTT Symposium 125, Technical Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Cronembold, JR and Law, KH, 1988. “Automated processing of design standards”. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 2(3) 255–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Delis, EA and Delis, A, 1992. “An expert system for fire-code checking: Design, implementation and geometric algorithms”. International Journal of Artificial intelligence 1(4) 597–627.Google Scholar
Diaper, D and Beer, M, 1990. “Headed record expertext and document applications”. In: Proceedings of Hypertext Update, pp. 62–69. Unicom Seminars Ltd.Google Scholar
Diaper, D and Rada, R, 1989. “Expertext: Hyperising expert systems and expertising hypertext”. In: Proceedings of Hypermedia/Hypertext and Object Orientated Databases, pp. 124–152. Unicorn Seminars Ltd.Google Scholar
Dym, CL, Henchey, RP, Delis, EA and Gornick, S, 1988. “A knowledge-based system for automated architectural code checking”. Computer Aided Design 20(3) 137–145.Google Scholar
Fenves, SJ, 1966. “Tabular decision logic for structural design”. Journal of Structural Engineering 92(6) 473–490.Google Scholar
Fenves, SJ and Garrett, JH Jr, 1986. “Knowledge based standards processing”. Artificial Intelligence in Engineering 1(1) 3–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenves, SJ, Gaylord, EH and Goel, SK, 1969. Decision Table Formulation of the 1969 AISC Specification. Civil Engineering Studies SRS 347, University of Illinois, 08.Google Scholar
Fenves, SJ, 1973. “Representation of the computer-aided design process by a network of decision tables”. Comput. Struct. 3(3) 1099–1107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenves, SJ and Wright, RN, 1977. The Representation and Use of Design Specifications. Technical Note 940, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fenves, SJ, Wright, R, Stahl, F and Reed, K, 1987. Introduction to SASE: Standards Analysis, Synthesis, and Expression. NBSIR 87–3513, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Gardner, A, 1987. An Artificial intelligence Approach to Legal Reasoning. MIT Press.Google Scholar
Garrett, JH Jr and Hakim, MM, 1992. “Object-oriented model of engineering design standards”. Journal of Civil Engineering 4(3) 323–347.Google Scholar
Garzotto, F and Paolini, P, 1989. “Expert dictionaries: Knowledge-based tools for explanation and maintenance of complex application environments”. In: Proceedings Second International Conference on Industrial and Engineering Applications of Al and Expert Systems 1EA/AIE-89, pp. 126–134. ACM Press.Google Scholar
Goel, SK and Fenves, SJ, 1969. Computer-Aided Processing of Structural Design Specifications. Civil Engineering Studies SRS 348, University of Illinois, 11.Google Scholar
Graham, I, 1991. Object Oriented Methods. Addison Wesley.Google Scholar
Hakim, MM and Garret, JH Jr, 1992. “Issues in modeling and processing design standards”. In: Computers and Building Standards Workshop. Montreal, Canada, 05 12.Google Scholar
Harris, JR and Wright, RN, 1980. Organisation of Building Standards: Systematic techniques for Scope and Arrangement. Building Science Series NBS BSS 136, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Jain, D, Law, KH and Krawinkler, H, 1989. “On processing standards with predicate calculus”. Will, K (ed), Proceedings of 6th Conference on Computing in Civil Engineering. ASCE, New York.Google Scholar
Kunz, W and Rittel, HWJ, 1970. issue as Elements of Information Systems. Working Paper 131, Centre for Planning and Development Research, University of California.Google Scholar
Lopez, LA and Elam, SL, 1984. S1CAD: A Prototype Knowledge Based System for Conformance Checking and Design. Technical Report, University of Illinois.Google Scholar
MacKellar, BK and Ozel, K, 1991. Artificial Intelligence in Design '91, Gero, J (ed). ButterworthHeinemann.Google Scholar
McCormick, N and Bankowski, Z, 1989. “Some principles of statutory interpretation”. In: Dunne, J van (ed.), Legal Reasoning and Statutory Interpretation, pp 41–53. Gouda Quint BV Arnhem.Google Scholar
Mann, WC, Mathiesson, CMIM and Thomson, SA, 1989. Rhetorical Structure Theory and Text Analysis. Isi/ rr-89–242, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Mann, WC and Thompson, SA, 1987. Rhetorical Structure Theory: A Framework for the analysis of Texts. Isi/rs-87–1 85, Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California.Google Scholar
Metzner, JR and Barnes, BH, 1977. Decision Table Languages and Systems. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Rada, R and Barlow, J, 1989. “Expertext: Expert Systems and Hypertext. In: Proceedings of EXSYS'89 conference, IITT-International, Paris.Google Scholar
Rasdorf, WJ and Lakmazaheri, S, 1990. “Logic-based approach for modeling organization of design standards”. Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 4(2) 102–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rasdorf, WJ and Wang, TE, 1988. “Generic design standards processing in an expert system environment”. ASCE Journal of Computing in Civil Engineering 2(1) 68–87.Google Scholar
Reed, KA, 1991, “Building regulations and standards in the computer age. In: Kahkonen, K and Bjork, B (eds.), Computers and Building Regulations. VTTSymposium 125, Technical Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Rosenman, MA and Gero, JS, 1985. “Design codes as expert systems”. Computer-Aided Design 17(9).Google Scholar
Sergot, M, 1991. “The representation of law in computer programs”. In: Capon, T Bench (ed.), Knowledge-Based Systems and Legal Applications. Academic Press.Google Scholar
Sergot, MJ, Sadri, F, Kowalski, RA, Kriwaczek, F, Hammond, P and Cory, HT, 1986. “The British nationality act as a logic program”, Communications of the ACM 29(5) 05.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sriram, D, Mahar, ML and Fenves, SJ, 1984. “Knowledge-based expert systems in structural design. In: Advances and Trends in Structures and Dynamics. NASA, 10.Google Scholar
Stahl, FI, Wright, RN, Fenves, SJ and Harris, JR, 1983. “Expressing standards for computer-aided building design”. Journal of Computer Aided Design 15(6) 329–334.Google Scholar
Stone, D and Wilcox, DA, 1986a. “Knowledge structures and domain specific shells for building regulations”. In: Proceedings of ESCAD'86 Workshop. Reading, UK, 07.Google Scholar
Stone, D and Wilcox, DA, 1986b. “Formulation of building regulations using interactive logic programs”. In: CIB'86, Proceedings of the 10th Triennial Congress of the International Council for Building Research, Studies and Documentation, Washington, DC, 09, Vol 2.Google Scholar
Stone, D and Wilcox, DA, 1987. “Intelligent systems for the formulation of building regulations”. In: Proceedings of 4th International Symposium on Robotics and Artificial Intelligence in Building Construction, Haifa, Israel, 06.Google Scholar
Stone, D and Wilcox, DA, 1988. “Intelligent information systems for building standards”. In: Proceedings of EuropIA 88, Applications of Artificial Intelligence to Building, Architecture and Civil Engineering, Paris, France.Google Scholar
Stone, D and Tweed, C, 1991. “Representation issues in the design of an intelligent information system for building standards”. In: Kahkonen, K and Bjork, B (eds.), Building Design in Computers and Building Regulations. VTT Symposium 125, Technical Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Susskind, R, 1987. Expert Systems in Law, Part 2–3. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Topping, B and Kumar, K, 1989. “Knowledge representation and processing for structural engineering design codes”. Engineering Applications of AI 2, 09.Google Scholar
Tuominen, P, 1991. “Fire Expert—An expert system for fire safety regulations”. In: Kahkonen, K and Bjork, B (eds.), Building Design in Computers and Building Regulations. VTT Symposium 125, Technical Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Vanier, D, 1991. “A parsimonious classification system to extract project-specific building codes”. In: Kahkonen, K and Bjork, B (eds.), Computers and Building Regulations. VTT Symposium 125, Technical Research Centre of Finland.Google Scholar
Welland, R, 1981. Decision Tables and Computer Programming. Heydon & Son Ltd.Google Scholar
Yang, S, Robertson, D and Lee, J, 1993. “KICS: A Knowledge-Intensive Case-based easoning System for statutory building regulations and case histories”. In: Proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Law, Amsterdam, 06.Google Scholar