¹ Brugmann, Gdr. d. vgl. Gram. d. idg. Spr. 1². 624-9; Hirt, Idg. Gram. 1. 255-7; both with bibliography. Also, K.F. Johansson, IF 19. 112-39, and T. Michelson, IF 29. 221-6.

² I regard Skt. vid- ‘find’ and vid- ‘know’ as identical, with vindati and veda standing in the same semantic relation to each other as do Latin noscit ‘learns’ and nōvit ‘knows’; similarly Greek οἶδɛ ‘knows’ is a perfect, identical with Skt. veda, though no present form is used from the same root. In Polynesian also, the verb ‘know’ is a perfect in form (verbal communication of J. F. Stimson).

³ With analogical length of the -ī-, cf. Lang. 4. 186.

⁴ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 733.

⁵ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 753-4; Hirt, Hdb. d. gr. Laut- u. Formenlehre² 242.

⁶ Att.-Ion. is therefore a product of analogical extension.

⁷ Thess. , Boeot. by analogy.

⁸ On the form of this root, see M. W. Smith, Lang. 4. 178-80.

⁹ On the competition of ab and ad, see Classical Studies in Honor of John C. Rolfe 155-9 (Univ. of Pennsylvania Press, 1931).

¹⁰ On dissimilation, see Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 641-3, 656-8, 660, 850-7; Hirt, IG 1. 312-3; Hirt, Hdb. d. griech. Laut- u. Formenlehre² 242, 246-8; Sommer, Hdb. d. lat. Laut- u. Formenlehre 211-3; with bibliography.

[Attention may be called particularly to Wundt, Die Sprache where the problem of the frequently alleged ‘irregularity’ of distant assimilation (dissimilation, metathesis) is put in what seems to me its proper logical setting. Here, as elsewhere, we may postulate an orderly sequence of cause and effect; but, if we attempt to work with such a postulate, we must remember that the essential conditions of the phenomena are not completely given by the mere recurrence of identical (or similar) sounds. Associations with other forms, for instance, and the familiarity or unfamiliarity of the sound combinations thus arising may also determine the results that we can observe. The conditions are so complex that it has been as yet impossible to disentangle a statement of principle comparable with that of the invariability of Phonetic Law. This, however, is far from compelling us to deny the existence of such a principle, or even to despair of eventually formulating it. Professor Kent's article seems to me a step in advance; altho I am uncertain as to the extent to which he wishes his generalisations to be carried, and they are phrased in a way that appears at times unnecessarily teleologic. G. M. B.]

¹¹ For the older form with both r's, see Caecilius com. ap. Cic. ND 3. 29. 73, and praestrigiator, Plaut. Aul. 630, Poen. 1125.

¹² The group -tstr- always gave Italic -str-: rāstrum to rādō, rōstrum to rōdō, castrum, etc. The following r inhibited the development described in the text, for -tsr- would have been an entirely abnormal group in Italic.

¹³ I have disregarded variations in the ablaut grades of the radical vowels in the roots, unless the distinctions remain in the historical languages.

¹⁴ The strong grade of the radical syllable is attested in CIL 1². 581 iovbeatis iovsiset.

¹⁵ See especially Leumann-Stolz, Lat. Gram.⁵ 136-7. The word vastus ‘vast’ I take to be the same as vāstus ‘waste’, with Ernout-Meillet, Dict. étym. de la Langue Latine 1033, s.v., and not a separate word of different origin, as Walde, Lat. etym. Wrtb.² 809, and Fr. Muller, Altital. Wrtb. 522, take it.

¹⁶ From *aidzdhus < *aidh-tus, since the suffix -tu- is added direct to verbal roots to form nouns of action; but aestās is from *aisso-tāt-s, of which the first part is the participial stem, for -tāt- was added to adjectival stems only. On crēdō, see Leumann-Stolz, 1. c.

¹⁷ Examples from Streitberg, Urgerm. Gram. 115; Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 628. It is unnecessary here to enter into the detail of the Sound Shifts as affecting the stops in these examples.

¹⁸ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 628.

¹⁹ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 733.

²⁰ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 629.

²¹ It seems impossible to derive addhā from one of the various adverbial suffixes found in Indo-Iranian.

²² The group -dzd- is very rare, since there are no common suffixes beginning with d, and yet it is from these alone that this group can develop.

²³ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 624, 628-9; Hirt, IG 256.

²⁴ With the peculiar change from a to ē, the interpretation of which is not in point here.

²⁵ Brugmann, Gdr. 1². 635; Hirt, IG 1. 256-7.

²⁶ A somewhat similar procedure must have led to the change of the ancient Greek aspirates φ θ χ to the later (and Modern) Greek spirants, sounded as in English faith and German ich, ach.