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Extra Be: The Syntax of Shared Shell-Noun Constructions in English

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Diane Massam
Diane Massam*
Affiliation:
University of Toronto
*
Department of Linguistics, University of Toronto, Sidney Smith Hall, Room 4072 100 St. George St., Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G3 [diane.massam@utoronto.ca]
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Abstract

This article examines the syntax of extra be constructions, common in nonprescriptive English and often considered a curiosity, such as: The problem is, is that she hates apples. It has been claimed that there are many different types of extra be constructions, with the two main types being double be and single be, but this article argues that these distinctions are largely superficial. The article reviews previous accounts, presents the complex data, and categorizes most cases of extra be into one unified syntactic construction, the SHARED SHELL-NOUN CONSTRUCTION. It is argued that such constructions are syntactically fairly ordinary biclausal specificational copular sentences, consisting of a setup clause and a resolution clause, which share an argument. A second construction is also proposed for one subset of examples, the LINKING FOCUS BE CONSTRUCTION, where be lexicalizes a left-peripheral focus head.

Keywords

spoken Englishcopular constructionsdouble be constructionssingle be constructionsspecificational constructionsshared-argument constructionsexceptional case markingshell nouns

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 93 , Issue 1 , March 2017 , pp. 121 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © 2017 Linguistic Society of America

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