¹ The collection of materials on the Koasati language comprised a part of the work done on the history of the towns of the Creek Confederacy under a grant from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society in 1938–39.

Other languages mentioned in this paper for which the materials quoted are taken from my own notes are Muskogee (Creek), Tunica, and Thai. Linguistic materials on Muskogee were collected during field work among the Creek Indians (in Oklahoma) in 1936 and 1937 through two grants made by the Department of Anthropology, Yale University. Linguistic materials on Tunica (in Louisiana) were obtained principally in 1933 under the auspices of the Committee on Research in American Native Languages of the American Council of Learned Societies. My work on Thai was done for the Committee of the National School of Modern Oriental Languages and Civilizations of the American Council of Learned Societies.

² Briefly described, the sounds of the Koasati language are as follows: The vowels are i, a, and o; they may occur either with or without the length phoneme. Short i = [i] (but [e] finally), a = [ʌ], o = [u]; long i· = [e·], a· = [a·], o· = [o·]. All vowels occur also nasalized. Consonants are as follows: voiceless stops p, t, k; voiceless affricate č; voiced stop b; voiceless spirants f, ł, h; semivowels y, w; lateral l; nasals m, n. There are two pitch-stresses in Koasati, the high (́) and the falling (ˆ). All syllables preceding the stressed syllables are high in pitch, except that an open syllable containing a short vowel is low.

³ The l is not lost here because the word does not have the falling pitch-stress; contrast with rule 4.

⁴ The sounds of the Muskogee language are similar to those of Koasati (footnote 2) except that the Muskogee stops are voiceless lenes and there is an additional nasal ŋ. A fuller description is given in my article Ablaut and its Function in Muskogee, Lang. 16.149–50. The rules for the pitch-stresses are also similar to those of Koasati; but in Muskogee, when two high pitch-stresses occur in the same word, the level of the second is lower than that of the first. Unstressed final syllables are very low in pitch.

⁵ Albert S. Gatschet, A Migration Legend of the Creek Indians, 1.79 (Philadelphia, 1884).

⁶ In Language, Culture, and Personality 41–56, ed. by Spier, Hallowell, and Newman.

⁷ Edward Sapir, Male and Female Forms of Speech in Yana, Donum Natalicium Schrijnen 79–85.

⁸ Diamond Jenness, The Indians of Canada, Bull. 65, National Museum of Canada (Ontario, 1932). I am indebted to Dr. Erminie W. Voegelin for this reference.

⁹ Waldemar Borgoras, Chukchee, in Handbook of American Indian Languages 2.631–903.

¹⁰ The phonetic symbols used in the Thai examples quoted here have their usual values except that ph stands for [p'], ch for [č'], and kh for [k']. There are five tones, the even or middle (unmarked), the low (̀), the falling (ˆ), the high (ʹ), and the rising (ˇ). A fuller description of Thai sounds is found in my article The Use of Numeral Classifiers in Thai, Lang. 18.201–2, footnote 2.

¹¹ Sapir, op.cit.

¹² Borgoras, op.cit. 665–6.

¹³ The phonetic symbols used by Borgoras in the examples quoted have their usual values except that š is [c] (or, as he says ‘like z in German Zeit‘) and that ê is [e]. Borgoras also indicated that the consonant š [c] is used only by women, op.cit. 645.

¹⁴ Mary R. Haas, Tunica, in Handbook of American Indian Languages 4.1–143.

¹⁵ James O. Dorsey and John R. Swanton, A Dictionary of the Biloxi and Ofo Languages, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 47 (Washington, 1912); see p. 3. I have made a few changes in the spelling used by Dorsey and Swanton so that the phonetic symbols used would correspond to those in common use today. I have also put the M-to-W and the W-to-W forms together, since they are identical, though Dorsey listed them separately.