¹ See M. B. Emeneau, Language and non-linguistic patterns, Lg. 26.2.199-209 (1950).

² On the cultural primacy of morpheme words for plants see Lf 547, and for things in general see Selected writings of Edward Sapir 92-3 (ed. D. G. Mandelbaum; Berkeley, 1949).

³ Otto Jespersen, Analytic syntax 16-7 (Copenhagen, 1937).

⁴ This is its usual meaning as a combining form in plant words. As a free word, ching means ‘blue-green, light blue’.

⁵ Cf. more general cases of such constructions as Ta syy.le yi.geh perng.yeou ‘He lost (through death) a friend’, Ta perng.yeou syy.le ‘His friend died’. On this construction see Joseph Mullie, The structural principles of the Chinese language 1.160 ff. (Eng. tr. by A. C. Versichel; Peiping, 1932).

⁶ The original work, c. 1400, was by Chu Su. Read apparently took the author's enfeoffment title ‘Chou Ting-wang’ for his name, Chu Su being the fifth son of the first emperor of the Mings.

⁷ For simplicity the main section number ‘3‘ will not be repeated after this.

⁸ Since the Wu dialect word for ‘grape’ is not [budə], as one would expect, but [bə], no homophony is involved.

⁹ Since jyu.tzy ‘tangerine’ is much commoner than chern.tzy ‘orange’ in the Mandarin-speaking regions, the word has acquired the status of a name for ‘the commonest citrous fruit’. Hence the practice, on the part of Mandarin-speaking persons in America, of calling oranges by the apparent misnomer jyu.tzy, since here it is oranges and not tangerines that play the part of the typical citrous fruit.

¹⁰ Although one American reviewer, in Harvard journal of Asiatic studies 13.241 (1950), found my speech ‘almost slangishly idiomatic’ because I wrote out all the suffixes and particles and interjections used when I and my fellow Chinese professors of Chinese talk Chinese in China. I rather find that a compliment. Linguists will of course recognize here the familiar story that exact records of speech which sounds normal to the ear always look incredible and discreditable to the eye.