¹ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata serica: Script and phonetics in Chinese and Sino-Japanese 15 (Stockholm, 1940). Hereafter abbreviated GS.

² Two editions of this work are in the Library of Congress.

³ The spelling of Tangsic conforms to the synoptic system adopted in the writer's Wennti publications. The writing of gh for what could more simply be written g is dictated by the fact that in much Chinese literature g has been pre-empted for the voiceless unaspirated stop of Pekingese. The writing hh for a voiced spirant is dictated by typographical convenience.

To the common abbreviations M for Mandarin and C for Cantonese, I add T for Tangsic.

⁴ See, for example, Y. R. Chao, Studies in the modern Wu dialects, Tsing Hua College Research Institute Monograph 4.xii.

⁵ The raised dot is used by Karlgren (GS 15) to denote a ‘laryngal explosive, the “Knacklaut” of Germ. ·Ecke.‘ This glottalized onset contrasts in ancient Chinese, according to Karlgren, with smooth vocalic ingress. Since the former never precedes y-, however, and the latter always precedes y-, they are in complementary distribution and need no representation in phonemic writing. The same situation is true in Tangsic, and the dot is included here only to show that something corresponds to k, as h does to kh. The final -h of these two forms marks a falling tone.

⁶ Reference is to the serial number of the corresponding graph in GS, and the spelling of the archaic form is that given by Karlgren.

⁷ Etudes sur la phonologie chinoise (Leyde, Stockholm, Gotembourg, 1915–26).

⁸ Karlgren, Analytic dictionary of Chinese and Sino-Japanese 662 (Paris, 1923). Hereafter abbreviated AD.

⁹ J. Edkins, A grammar of the Shanghai dialect (Shanghai, 1864); A vocabulary of the Shanghai dialect 9 (Shanghai, 1869).

¹⁰ R. S. Maclay and C. C. Baldwin, An alphabetic dictionary of the Chinese language in the Foochow dialect 54 (Foochow, 1870).

¹¹ For details on this cornerstone of Chinese linguistics, see AD 4.

¹² Reference is to the serial number of the corresponding graph in AD, and the spelling of M forms is that given there.

¹³ The term is used by Chao, Distinctions within ancient Chinese, HJAS 5.212 (1940).

¹⁴ Grammar 2 (see fn. 9).

¹⁵ In the Vocabulary, published five years later, Edkins adds another footnote (v): ‘When a native is asked whether k'i or ch'i is the more correct pronunciation, he replies the former. Yet the orthography by ch'i seems to the foreigner more like the true sound. The fact is that the sound is in a state of transition from k'i to ch'i.‘

¹⁶ Studies, Table 1.2.

¹⁷ Distinctions 212–3, and conclusion No. 3 (230).

¹⁸ Nicholas C. Bodman, A linguistic study of the Shih Ming (Yale University diss.), to be published by the Harvard-Yenching Institute late in 1952 or early in 1953. The passages quoted are in Chapter 2, in the section on the laryngal and velars.