¹ First printed in Journal Asiatique 5th series 15.97-130, 338-98 (1860). The second edition, ‘considérablement augmentée’, appeared as a book under the title Duppe lisan Assur in 1868. The statements which interest us here appear unchanged in the second edition also.

² I have transliterated the Hebrew letters of the book into Roman.

³ Among Semitists the term ‘status’ or ‘state’ is commonly used for different forms of the noun that occur under definite syntactical conditions.

⁴ In present-day transliteration this would appear as (‘fortifications‘). Virtually identical statements are included in the same author's Elementary grammar . . . of the Assyrian language, 1st edition 1875, 2nd edition 1877, 3rd edition 1904.

⁵ Cf. the same author's article Zur Syntax der Gesetze Hammurabis in ZA 18.1 ff. (1904).

⁶ Substantially the same is taught by B. Meissner in his Assyrische Grammatik 41 (1907).

⁷ Thureau-Dangin called attention to the phenomenon in footnotes to the two passages.

⁸ Contrasting examples with the plural ilū are frequent. The following four may be quoted here in full :

‘the gods will meet in assembly and will reach an unfavorable decision’ YBT X 13 15.

i-lu ša-ab-sú-tum a-na ma~ti[m . . . i-]tu-ru-nim-ma . . . ‘the angry gods will return to the . . . country . . . ‘ YBT X 13 7, cf. 17 and 17 9.

um-ma-na-am i-lu-ša i-ze-bu-ši ‘as to the army, its gods will abandon it’ YBT X 11 II 21f.

ma-tam i-lu-ša i-ze-bu-ši ‘as to the country, its gods will abandon it’ YBT X 23 obv. 2.

⁹ Of contrasting examples with the plural šarrū I mention the following:

šarru^ú na-ak-ru-tum sa-li-ma-am i-ša-ak-ka-nu-ma ma-az-zu-nu a-bu-ur-ri uš-ša-bu ‘the hostile kings will make peace and their countries will live in quietude’ YBT X 36 I 32 f.

‘the kings of rebels will rise’ YBT X 31 II 14 f.

¹⁰ This reading is suggested by VS XVI 102 23 ff. where we have in succession samīdum ‘fine flour’, kišibirrum ‘coriander’ and ‘cardamon’; the Babylonians used to add spices to their flour before baking bread. If the reading is correct, *simmum would have to be taken as a loan word from Sum. š i m, and would have to be regarded as the source of Hebrew sam and Aram, sammã ‘spice’.

¹¹ In line 20 of the same text one reads: i-na a-la-ni li-it-ta-ri-ku-ma; its meaning escapes me.

¹² Cf. ibid. II 44 ff. : šar-ra-am ša it-ti-i-ka na-ak-ru-ú i-na ‘you will kill the king who is inimical to you and your hand will seize his city (together with) its forefield (and) its territory’. I am inclined to take the second and third -šu as ‘its’ here. One may even ask whether the passage quoted above in the text might not better be emended to read na-we-šu-nu and .

¹³ The plural ālū is rare. Besides the passage quoted under (a) above, a clear example is provided by YBT X 47 47 ‘(this indicates) alienation of the small towns’.

¹⁴ Contrast the following occurrences of the phrase ‘rid oneself of claims’: ru-gu-mu-ša/šu-nu Waterman 31 10; CT II 46 20; ru-gu-mi-šu-nu CT II 43 28; ru-gu-me-šu-nu CT VI 42a 15. The Singular is rugummum; e.g. CH VI 18, IIIr 36, IVr 51, XXIr 50. The formation rugummāū (preserved unassimilated in Old Assyrian, assimilated to rugummũ in Old Babylonian, constructus rugummē) is collective ‘(successive) claims’ (cf. von Soden in Symbolae Koschaker 199 ff.; A. Poebel, Studies in Akkadian Grammar XI f.).

¹⁵ *tīrum, a qitl form, would mean 'turn, twist'in a general sense. Cf. Böl, Analecta Orientalia 12.21.

¹⁶ Eth. šerw ‘sinew, muscle’, Syr. šeryānā ‘joint, sinew, vein’. Cf. H. Zimmern, Ištar und ⨿tu 34 f.

¹⁷ A. Ungnad in Hammurabi's Gesetz 2.149 fn. 1 assumes that mi-iš-la-ni is for mišlān, i.e. that it represents the absolute state of . This leaves the final i unexplained.

¹⁸ The reading according to Ass. 523 (ed. Zimolong) II 39.

¹⁹ A. Deimel, Šumerische Grammatik (2nd edition) 66.

²⁰ A. Poebel, Grundzüge der sumerischen Grammatik §149.

²¹ E.g. u r u = a-lu, u r u . d i d 1 i = a-la-ni VAT 10270 V 8, 9.

²² Cf. R. Labat, L'akkadien de Boghaz-köi 52.

²³ Cf. Gordon, Orient. N.S. 7.48; Goetze, Lang. 14.140 fn. 51. The statement in Gelb-Purves-MacRae, Nuzi Personal Names (298 s.v. -ili) that the phonetic complement -ni never follows DINGIR.MEŠ is inaccurate.

²⁴ A brief summary of the facts is given by C. Brockelmann, Grundriss 1.451.

²⁵ Cf. Th. Nöldeke, Mandäische Grammatik 169 fn. 3; G. Hoffmann, Ueber einige phön. Inschriften (Abh. der Ges. der Wiss. in Göttingen 36, 1.15 [1889]). Furthermore EA 78 19, 79 25 etc. besides .

²⁶ Cf. C. Brockelmann, loc.cit. 450 f.

²⁷ See F. Delitzsch, Assyrische Grammatik 183 f.

²⁸ Whenever through shift of accent the middle vowel is reduced, the doubling of the second radical is given up.

²⁹ The word has not yet turned up in Old Babylonian. Its existence is however guaranteed by the adverb šulmāniš that occurs in the CH IV 44: ‘the savior of his people from adversity; he who establishes their hold amidst Babylon by (his) friendly attitude’. The common translations (‘in security’, ‘zum Frieden’, ‘in Heil‘) are unsatisfactory; they do not account for the suffix -ān.

³⁰ Note Ugaritic .

³¹ For the preservation of the ā see C. Brockelmann, Grundriss 1.255.

³² Contrast lid umāmi ‘young animal’ Šurpu III 30.

³³ Contrast mīrum ‘young bull’ Delitzsch, HWB 391a.

³⁴ Contrast qutrum ‘smoke’ as a general term.

³⁵ *surqum, of which I have no record (sirqum is well attested), would doubtless likewise be a general term.

³⁶ For an explanation of Šalmānu etc. see below fn. 43. Cf. Albright, AfO 7.164 ff; Paul Haupt Anniversary Volume 146 ff. and most recently BASOR 84.11 f.

³⁷ The existence of the spelling ša-ia-ma-ni-im (VS VIII 58 17) makes Poebel's suggestion that ša-a-a-ma-nu-um might actually be šā'imānum, i.e. derived from the participle, very unlikely. The relationship of the two spellings is duplicated in da-a-a-nu-um versus da-ia-nu-um and ka-a-a-nu-um versus ka-ia-nu-um. Nobody will doubt that these words are to be read dayyānum and kayyānum.

³⁸ Attention should be called to the peculiar fact that the feminine of such adjectives ends in -ānīθā. The phenomenon has its analogue in Akkadian.

³⁹ The feminine is rēmēnītum. One may safely assume that the masculine rēmēnũ is a back formation caused by this feminine.

⁴⁰ Von Soden, ZA NF 7.100 f.

⁴¹ Bauer-Leander, Hist. Gram, der Hebr. Sprache 500; Lewy, ZA NF 4.266.

⁴² The latest edition is that of C. Clemen in Die phönikische Religion nach Philo von Byblos (MVAeG 42/3, 1939).

⁴³ Cf. Albright, JAOS 60.297 f. In my opinion (cf. also Lewy, Revue de l'histoire des religions CX.62 ff.; Mélanges Dussaud 273 ff.) Šalim, and Šalman, Rašap and Rašpān belong together, the names being based on adjectives.—In view of the diptote inflexion of the Arabic adjective in -ānu it seems worthwhile to point out that all the proper names in -ānu that occur in the execration texts lack the mimation (which otherwise is found there).

⁴⁴ See C. Brockelmann, Grundries 1.412 ff. A far-reaching parallelism can be observed between the nouns in -ān and those in -ay. It may suffice here to point out two striking facts: in Syriac the few surviving nouns in -ay never take the article (Th. Nöldeke, Syr. Gramm. §83) ; Amurrite names in -y in the execration texts lack the mimation exactly in the way as the names in -ān.

⁴⁵ See ibid. 412 for Aramaic. From Hebrew both elements of ‘aštē ‘æśrē ‘eleven (f.)’ are pertinent.