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Ancestry-constrained phylogenetic analysis supports the indo-european steppe hypothesis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Will Chang,
Chundra Cathcart,
David Hall and
Andrew Garrett
Will Chang*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Chundra Cathcart*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
David Hall*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
Andrew Garrett*
Affiliation:
University of California, Berkeley
*
[wchang@gmail.com]
[chundra@berkeley.edu]
[david.lw.hall@gmail.com]
[garrett@berkeley.edu]
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Extract

Discussion of Indo-European origins and dispersal focuses on two hypotheses. Qualitative evidence from reconstructed vocabulary and correlations with archaeological data suggest that Indo-European languages originated in the Pontic-Caspian steppe and spread together with cultural innovations associated with pastoralism, beginning c. 6500-5500 bp. An alternative hypothesis, according to which Indo-European languages spread with the diffusion of farming from Anatolia, beginning c. 9500-8000 bp, is supported by statistical phylogenetic and phylogeographic analyses of lexical traits. The time and place of the Indo-European ancestor language therefore remain disputed. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis in which ancestry constraints permit more accurate inference of rates of change, based on observed changes between ancient or medieval languages and their modern descendants, and we show that the result strongly supports the steppe hypothesis. Positing ancestry constraints also reveals that homoplasy is common in lexical traits, contrary to the assumptions of previous work. We show that lexical traits undergo recurrent evolution due to recurring patterns of semantic and morphological change.

Keywords

lexical changelinguistic phylogeneticsIndo-European chronologyIndo-European dispersalsteppe hypothesis

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Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 91 , Issue 1 , March 2015, pp. 194 - 244
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 Linguistic Society of America

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Footnotes

*

We thank Claire Bowern, Russell Gray, Simon Greenhill, Hannah Haynie, Gary Holland, Lev Michael, Johanna Nichols, Donald Ringe, and Michael Weiss for comments and discussion, Tom Recht for help with Greek data, Quentin Atkinson and Remco Bouckaert for sharing code and data, Michael Dunn for assistance with IELEX, and audiences in Berkeley, Oslo, and San Diego for feedback and suggestions. Our work was supported by the Diebold Fund for Indo-European Studies, University of California, Berkeley (CC, WC, AG) and a Google Ph.D. Fellowship and Grant IIS-1018733 from the National Science Foundation (DH).

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