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Code-Switching and Predictability of Meaning in Discourse

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Mark Myslín and
Roger Levy
Mark Myslín*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
Roger Levy*
Affiliation:
University of California, San Diego
*
Department of Linguistics, UC San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0108, La Jolla, CA 92093-0108, [mmyslin@ucsd.edu]
[rlevy@ucsd.edu]
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Abstract

What motivates a fluent bilingual speaker to switch languages within a single utterance? We propose a novel discourse-functional motivation: less predictable, high information-content meanings are encoded in one language, and more predictable, lower information-content meanings are encoded in another language. Switches to a speaker's less frequently used, and hence more salient, language offer a distinct encoding that highlights information-rich material that comprehenders should attend to especially carefully. Using a corpus of natural Czech-English bilingual discourse, we test this hypothesis against an extensive set of control factors from sociolinguistic, psycholinguistic, and discourse-functional lines of research using mixed-effects logistic regression, in the first such quantitative multifactorial investigation of code-switching in discourse. We find, using a Shannon guessing game to quantify predictability of meanings in conversation, that words with difficult-to-guess meanings are indeed more likely to be code-switch sites, and that this is in fact one of the most highly explanatory factors in predicting the occurrence of code-switching in our data. We argue that choice of language thus serves as a formal marker of information content in discourse, along with familiar means such as prosody and syntax. We further argue for the utility of rigorous, multifactorial approaches to sociolinguistic speaker-choice phenomena in natural conversation.

Keywords

code-switchingbilingualismdiscoursepredictabilityaudience designstatistical modeling

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Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 91 , Issue 4 , December 2015, pp. 871 - 905
Copyright
Copyright © 2015 Linguistic Society of America

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