¹ Handbuch des Urgermanischen 1.114 (Heidelberg, 1931).

² This group will be omitted from the present discussion, since it offers several phonological obscurities. For one thing, it seems to be a compound of *day- plus *wir (Cf. Walde, Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch [1938-] under lēvir.)

³ An inherited long vowel, rather than Dehnstufe, is indicated by the consistency with which long vowels appear in the various IE languages. A lengthened vowel would appear only occasionally.

⁴ The Webster connection with OCS mazati ‘to anoint’ is based on the assumption that the Gmc. root meant originally ‘to knead, churn’ (and that since people churn butter, some people anoint themselves with butter). This is pathetically faute de mieux. The original sense would seem rather to have been ‘to join, fit together’.

⁵ That the Franks were named after a weapon (cf. OE franca ‘javelin‘), as Skeat tentatively suggests (Concise Etymological Dictionary), is unlikely. Any naming of the sort would probably be the other way around.

⁶ Cf. The Indo-Hittite Laryngeals 74 ff. There is some other evidence, though of course it may be analogical, that IH γy or γw gave IE hy, hw; Gk. ‘wrap, cover’ : Lat. volvō ‘roll, roll up’ : Hitt. ‘band, winding sheet’, ‘wrap, wind’ < IH *γwel-. But, contrary to Sturtevant (Indo-Hittite Laryngeals §47f), Greek has aspiration (indicating IE hw-) in ‘roll, wrap up’ and ‘spiral’. Sturtevant (ibid. §75j) has noticed another example, in Germanic, where ON veggr wall' : Skt. vāyakas ‘weaver’, Hitt. .

⁷ H. L. Smith Jr., Lang. 17.93-8 (1941).

⁸ Indo-Hittite Laryngeals §75f ff.

⁹ I write hy and hw, with Sturtevant; but whether they are to be regarded as phonemic clusters (with h a phoneme of limited distribution) or as single phonemes (voiceless preaspirated continuants) is still a moot question. Economy would favor the former view.

¹⁰ There is some disagreement as to how stress affected the Verschärfung (cf. Prokosch, A Comparative Germanic Grammar §33c, for views and bibliography), but a majority think it followed—thus Mikkola, Hirt, Trautmann, Smith. In view of Verner's Law, this is only reasonable.