¹ Cf. Menut, Semantics of Doublets in Old and Middle French 85 ff. (New York, 1922).

² L. Sainéan, La Langue de Rabelais, 2.2 (Paris, 1922-3).

³ Oeuvres, éd. Marty-Laveaux 1. 242. All references are to this edition.

⁴ Where these words occur may be conveniently determined by referring to the glossaire in vols. 5 and 6 of Marty-Laveaux's edition. One exception is noted below. The orthography given here is modern.

⁵ Oeuvres 1.47.

⁶ Only three of these are found in the two books composed before the first sojourn in Italy (1534-5)—banque, escale, and esquif.

⁷ Algousan in Rabelais, from old Venetian alguzin (modern aguzzino); cf. Sainéan 1.114-5.

⁸ Cf. Sainéan 2.86-8.

⁹ Sainéan 1.470, rejects this Spanish source and attributes cavèce to dialectical influence upon chevèche. Both Meyer-Lübke (1637) and the Dictionnaire général support the etymology given above.

¹⁰ Étau is due to confusion of étaux, plural of étal, with étocs, popular form of estocs.

¹¹ Cf. C. S. R. Collin, Etude sur le développement de sens du suffix -ata (Lund, 1918).

¹² Other doublet forms which have not survived are: chaussade, chaussée < calciata; condemnade, condamnée < condemnata; indague < indaco (Ital.) inde, indigo < indicum.

¹³ ‘. . . . lui promist un habit en condition qu'il le passast oultre l'eau à la cabre morte sus ses espaules.‘ Oeuvres 2.114.

¹⁴ This applies equally, of course, to a large number of non-doublet terms.

¹⁵ Oeuvres 2.7.

¹⁶ For example, subvenir, included above among doublets of Latin derivation on the authority of the Dict. gén., is a true derivative of subvenire; but souvenir may be recomposed from sous + venir. If the latter is the case, is it a doublet of subvenir?

¹⁷ Brachet, Dict. des doublets de la langue française (Paris, 1868-71); Coelho, 'Les doublets portugais,' Romania 2.281-90; Michaelis, Studien zur romanischen Wortschöpfung (Leipzig, 1876), contains list of Spanish doublets, reprint of Coelho and additions to Brachet; Canello, 'Gli allòtropi italiani,' Archivio glottologico italiano 3.285-419. In general, the compilers of these lists seem to have been more interested in quantity than in accuracy.