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The Hittite Relative Sentence
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2026
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- Language , Volume 33 , Issue 4-Part2: Language Dissertation No. 55: The Hittite Relative Sentence, October-December , December 1957 , pp. 7 - 52
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- Copyright © 1957 Linguistic Society of America
References
1 Containing more than one clause.
2 AM p. 70.
3 NAM.RA is not translated, as the word implies much more than can be easily translated by a single word. Cf. AM pp. 217-20.
4 Laws Sec. 168; ANET p. 195.
5 Pest. p. 248; restoration is from 1. 5 of the same text. Perhaps na-aš should read na-at.
6 AM p. 118.
7 Hatt. p. 38.
8 ANET p. 398.
9 ANET p. 211.
10 Either subordinating or coordinating.
11 Sold. p. 168; ANET p. 354.
12 ANET p. 358.
13 AM p. 78.
14 Laws Sec. 25; CH p. 18 ff.; ANET p. 190. The text occurs also in KBo VI3 I 66 ff.
15 Biling. p. 17.
16 ANETp. 357.
17 BoSt. #3 p. 52.
18 Ibid. p. 54.
19 Pest. p. 244.
20 The term indeterminate is used instead of indefinite, so that the latter term may be reserved for the forms of kuiški, which are not relatives.
21 Laws Sec. 30; ANET p. 190.
22 Ann. Sec. 11.
23 Hatt. p. 38.
24 Tunn. p. 12.
25 ANET p. 211.
26 Hatt. p. 38.
27 ANETp. 401.
28 Tern. p. 364; ANET p. 207.
29 ANET p. 211.
30 Tablet reads -za; na-an ša-ku-wa-an-zi occurs in KUB XIII 9 III 11.
1 This statement is contrary to opinions voiced by E. Sturtevant, HG (1st ed.), p. 255' and by E. Hahn, Language Vol. 22 p. 73 (1946).
2 Usually that occurrence before the modificand would put them in initial position.
3 AM p. 152.
4 ANET p. 393.
5 ANET p. 497.
6 AM p. 136.
7 Similar passages in KBo III 4 II 41 ff. (AM p. 56), KBo III 4 III 32 ff. (AM p. 132).
8 AM p. 94.
9 AM p. 136.
10 NB Hatt. p. 32.
11 MS p. 6.
12 NB Hatt. p. 46.
13 ANET p. 350.
14 ANET p. 210.
15 Lit. ‘which is of the god.‘
16 ANET p. 398.
17 For la
it (?)
18 ANET p. 400.
19 ANET p. 211.
20 MP p. 37.
21 Probably for antu
šaš pa
huwaš ištarna.
22 MP p. 36.
23 For lenkiya kattan, a phrase well-known from other treaties and oaths.
24 ANET p. 349.
25 The position of še-er is unusual. We should expect it to come after ud-da-a-ni-i.
26 AM p. 158.
27 Stvt. Alak. p. 76; cf. also KBo VI 29 III 34 (NB Hatt. p. 50) ki-i ku-it É-ír.
28 Hatt. p. 48.
29 The term ‘adverb’ is used as defined by L. Zuntz, Die hethitischen Ortsadverbien arha para piran, etc., p. 8 (Munich 1936).
30 For restoration see 63.
31 ANET p. 393.
32 Hatt. p. 48.
33 Stvt. Kup. p. 118.
34 Friedrich, ZA 5 p. 20 (Gilgameš Epic).
35 ANET p. 360.
36 ANET p. 350.
37 AM p. 138; cf. ibid. 1. 48 (p. 140).
38 ANET p. 349.
39 ANET p. 350.
40 Restoration unsure.
41 HPM p. 26.
42 ANET p. 399.
43 Text reads ŠA here, which must be deleted.
43A Hatt. p. 28.
44 Tern. p. 380; ANET p. 209. An adverb followed by šu-me-eš ku-i-e-eš occurs very frequently in the Hittite instructions.
45 ANET p. 355.
46 ANET p. 360.
47 AM p. 28.
48 Stvt. Dupp. p. 18.
49 AM p. 180.
50 AM p. 76; similar passages in KBo III 4 III 53 ff. (AM p. 78 ff.), IV 42 ff. (AM p. 136).
51 Hatt. p. 46.
52 AM p. 174.
53 Identical passages Ull. 1st tablet II 16 ff. and Ull. 3rd tablet II 18 ff.
54 ANET p. 398.
55 AM p. 76.
56 ANET p. 355.
57 AM p. 16 ff.
58 ANET p. 361.
59 Stvt. Man. p. 12.
60 AM p. 120.
61 AM p. 154.
62 ANET p. 498.
63 ANET p. 356.
64 ANET p. 396.
65 AM p. 180.
66 NB Hatt. p. 28.
67 In addition to the following three examples may be added 5, 6, 38, 62 and 63.
68 ANET p. 393.
69 AM p. 136.
70 NB Hatt. p. 12.
71 AM p. 170.
72 AM p. 78; see also KUB XIV 15 III 51 ff. (AM p. 56).
73 Tern. p. 374; ANET p. 208. Restored from KUB XIII 6 II 15.
74 Hatt. p. 50.
75 ANET p. 399.
76 AM p. 52.
77 Examples 104 following. See also 122-3.
78 ANET p. 498.
79 ANET p. 393.
80 AM p. 176.
81 Madd. p. 32.
82 ANET p. 398.
83 Tem. p. 364; ANET p. 207.
1 Examples of the position of the indeterminate adjectives may be seen below.
2 ANET p. 211.
3 Duplicate text in HT 1 IV 24 ff.
4 Duplicate text in HT 1 II 24 ff. Cf. ANET p. 347.
5 Laws Sec. 47B; ANET p. 191.
6 MP pp. 37 & 43.
7 ANET p. 398.
8 Stvt. Targ. p. 62.
9 ANET p. 400.
10 ANET p. 211.
11 ANET p. 210.
12 And pronouns, as will be seen in Chapter 5.
13 Madd. p. 34.
14 Pest. p. 218.
15 Since the verbs never both occur in the past tense, and since the resumptive clause has no -kán or anda, the presence of a relative clause in Hatt. II 15 is unlikely.
16 ANET p. 211.
17 AU p. 298.
1 Stvt. Hukk. p. 114.
2 Stvt. Alak. p. 72.
3 Restoration from KUB II 2 I 11. Cf. ANET p. 356.
4 Tern. p. 386;ANET p. 209.
5 ANET p. 400.
6 ANET ρ. 347.
7 The same sentence is repeated in the following lines of the text with different objects. Cf. 181 where the same construction occurs with an indeterminate relative pronoun.
8 AU p. 282.
9 Laws Sec. 186; ANET p. 196.
10 AM p. 136.
11 Laws Sec. 167; ANET p. 195.
12 Pest. p. 172.
13 ANET p. 346.
14 Laws Sec. 185B; ANET p. 196.
15 Pest. p. 216.
16 Restoration from KUB XXVI 13 obv. 12.
17 Probably KUB XIII 4 III 13 f. is a case in which kuiša is used as the resumption. The -ša has been omitted by a graphic haplology, since the word is followed immediately by ŠA.
1 ANET p. 211.
2 Laws Sec. 48A; ANET p. 191.
3 Tern. p. 364; ANET p. 207.
4 AU p. 242.
5 Tern p. 370; ANET p. 208.
6 Sold. p. 168; ANET p. 354.
7 Rein. p. 47; ANET p. 207.
8 Sold. p. 168; ANET p. 354.
9 See KUB XXI 42 I 32.
10 PT Sec. 31; 2 BoTU 23 II 50 f.
11 The same construction occurs with a determinate pronoun in 151.
12 Restoration from KUB IX 32 obv. 32.
13 Pest. p. 206.
14 MP p. 36.
15 Sold. p. 166; ANET p. 354.
16 Tem. p. 376; ANET p. 208.
17 PT Sec. 49.
18 Stvt. Kup. p. 108.
19 Probably KUB XIV 13 I 32 ff. (Pest. p. 244) is an example of this type, although the restoration cannot be made with certainty.
20 See also KUB XIII 4 I 64 ff.
1 See discussion following example 115.
2 Sold. p. 166; ANET p. 354.
3 Ibid.
4 Dup. HT 1 III 29 ff. and KUB IX 31 III 36 ff.
5 AM p. 120.
6 Stvt. Dupp. p. 20.
7 See the list of abbreviations for the publications of these texts.
8 PT Sec. 31; (2 BoTU 23).
9 Anit. p. 278; (2 BoTU 7).
10 In such cases where a coordinating conjunction does appear, it is -ma or -a. See examples 5-6, and 46-8. The coordinating conjunction nu occurs in this situation only when the relative is understood in the second relative clause, as in KUB XXVI 12 118 f. na-at ku-iš iš-ta-ma-aš-zi na-at mu-un-na-iz-zi ... ‘Anyone who hears it and hides it ...‘
11 Further examples are KUB XVII 27 II 28 ff., KBo VI 2 II 58 ff. and KUB IX 31 III 26 ff.
1 ANET p. 398.
2 Tern. Sec. 11; ANET p. 208.
3 ANET p. 211.
4 We prefer to consider this as kuedani + a, not kuedania ‘each’.
5 ANET p. 399.
6 This statement is made with the reservation that we have not found such a form with a negative. Whether we would find UL kuiš or UL kuiški is a matter of speculation.
7 We include here the relative kuis imma kuiš also, as we consider this to be kuiš kuiš + imma.
8 ANET p. 350.
9 Tunn. p. 16.
10 Stvt. Man. p. 8.
11 ANET p. 347.
12 Laws Sec. 44B; ANET p. 191. Cf. also KBo VI 10 II 17 ff. (Laws Sec. 127; ANET p. 194).
13 Ann. Sec. 2.
14 Laws Sec. 6 (later version); ANET p. 189.
15 Parallel text in HT 1 III 5 ff.
16 ANET p. 346.
17 Hatt. p. 38.
18 We mean to translate the indefinite kuieš. by these four words.
19 MP p. 36.
20 Hatt. p. 12 Duplicate in KBo III 6 I 60 ff.
21 Stvt. Hukk. p. 114.
22 This is literally translated, ‘Anything which is anything.‘
23 Stvt. Man. p. 18.
24 Tern. p. 380; ANET p. 209.
25 As, for instance, KBo V 3 III 44 ff. (Stvt. Hukk. p. 126) ku-i-ša-aš im-ma ku-iš ŠA É. GAL. LIM SAL ma-a-na-aš EL-LUM ma-a-na<-aš> SAL. SUHUR. LAL nu-uš-ši ma-ni-in-ku-wa-an li-e ti-ia-ši nu-uš-ši ma-ni-i[n-ku]-wa-an li-e pa-a-i-ši ‘She may be any kind of a palace woman whatsoever. Whether she is a free woman or a hierodule, do not stand close to her and do not go close to her.‘
26 A case of the indefinite kuiš kuiš, besides the one in 237, may be found in KBo V 3 I 14 ff. (Stvt. Hukk. p. 106).
1 A similar sentence occurs in IV 28 ff. of the same text.
2 Schwartz, JAOS Vol. 58 p. 334 (1938).
3 End of section.
4 Dup. text KUB IX 31 I 36 ff.
5 ANET p. 356.
6 We prefer to interpret kat-ta-kán ku-it 
ar-zi in this way rather than with the following clause as does Güterbock, for the reason that no determinate relative pronoun occurs with a verb in the present tense, and the verb in the resumptive clause in the past tense.
7 Tern. p. 376; ANET p. 208. See 187 for rest of the sentence.
8 Tentative restoration made by Güterbock.
9 ANET p. 357.
10 ANET p. 398. Dup. text KUB VI 46 III 42 ff.
11 BoSt. #3 p. 44.
12 Ibid. p. 46. Cf. KBo II 2 II 54 ff.
13 Pest. p. 242. This quotation is in the midst of a long list of deities which are invoked.
14 ANET p. 357.
15 Tunn. II 46 ff.
16 ANET p. 398.
17 Parallel A has no relative, and reads nu 
UL-lu-un UD.KAM-an LÚ. 
UL-an šal-la-[(nu-uš-ki-iz-zi)].
18 Güterbock restores šal-la-nu-ut. The restoration of the past tense creates this as a unique example of a simple action in past time in this type of relative sentence.
19 BoSt. #3 p. 56.
20 Tablet reads SUM here. See 256 for the restoration.
21 One kueš must be omitted, preferably the first. See Ull. p. 28, fn. 52.
22 ANET p. 497.
23 The text reads -iš, but must be corrected to -in.
24 Tern. p. 374; ANET p. 208.
25 See Ull. Vol. 5 p. 141 ff.
26 AM p. 152.
27 Stvt. Kup. p. 128. Similar passage KUB XXI 1 II 75 ff. (Stvt. Alak. p. 64).
28 Dup. text KUB XXX 11 + XXXI 135.
29 AU p. 18.
30 Cf. 236.
31 Laws Sec. 52; ANET p. 191. Dup. text KBo VI 6 I 9 ff.
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