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How Concrete is Phonology?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 April 2026

Larry M. Hyman
Larry M. Hyman*
Affiliation:
University of California, Los Angeles
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Abstract

This paper presents evidence for abstract phonology—that is, a phonology that recognizes underlying segments which are not realized phonetically. Two underlying vowel segments /ᴐ/ and /ε/ are posited for Nupe (a Kwa language of Central Nigeria), both of which are realized as [a], therefore merging (‘absolutely neutralizing’) with /a/. Arguments based on pattern congruity, naturalness, and a ‘weak’ form of alternation are brought forth in support of this solution. Central, however, is the demonstration of the psychological reality of these two segments. In addition, various alternate solutions are shown to be inadequate. Finally, implications of the abstract Nupe solution are discussed.

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 46 , Issue 1 , March 1970 , pp. 58 - 76
Copyright
Copyright © 1970 by Linguistic Society of America

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References

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