¹ For inclusion of mazdāh- here, cf. § 46; for exclusion of haurvatāt- and amrtāt-, cf. ibid., and § 66.

² For these two words I use the weak stem-forms, as being the more familiar, rather than the strong forms given in AiW; and similarly for all ṅ-stems and ĭ-stems, except when quoting AiW.

³ Cf. AiW, s. vv.

⁴ For names, functions, worship of LAv. Amshaspands, cf. Jn. GIP 2. 633-40; ZT 87-95.

⁵ BGA Vorwort vii.

⁶ Z's Leben und Lehre, 13 f.

⁷ GIP 2.634 init. and 6363, where references are given to others of like opinion.

⁸ ZT 26.

⁹ EZ 293.

¹⁰ ZRC 12-3.

¹¹ Zor. Lied. 4.

¹² For similar views, cf. Haug, Essays 302 fin., 305-6; RZ 82.

¹³ Rt. § 427, where the construction is ascribed to the Gs. also.

¹⁴ Cf. § 427¹.

¹⁵ Vergleich. Gr. 427-9.

¹⁶ In 1867, of. Bibliography.

¹⁷ Here a note explains xšaθrā as neu. pl. with sg. verb, as in Gk.

¹⁸ In 1881,cf. Bibliography.

¹⁹ In 1886, AF 2.124.

²⁰ In 1887, BB 12.93.

²¹ KZ 30.540-7. His theory regarding the dual was refuted by Gdn., KZ 31.319-23, therefore is not mentioned above.

²² Cf. § 56 as to these forms used as vocatives. I have not been able to discover who was the first to take ašā as voc.

²³ Caland in KZ 31.258-61; Gdn. ibid. 319-23. Caland claims the support of tradition in most places where he takes instr. as nom. Such support can hardly be taken as evidence of the Gāthic usage, since the tradition would be colored by the LAv. usage, cf. preceding §. For instr. as nom. and as voc., cf. also Bthl. Studien zur indogermanischen Sprachgeschichte : Halle, 1879; 2.124².

²⁴ AW 1909.48.

²⁵ Cf. § 1².

²⁶ Gdr. 3.176 f., 184, 231-74.

²⁷ The use of mazdāh- as an adj. is taken up in §§ 21, 23 and does not affect its use as a noun.

²⁸ I had already used this term throughout my dissertation when I found that it had previously been applied to angra- mainyu-, and to aša-, vohu- manah-, etc., in RZ 54, 78, 82.

²⁹ Selected from the definitions given in Webster's New International Dictionary, 1914, s.v.

³⁰ § 10¹¹.

³¹ §46.

³² I Cor. 15.55; KJV ‘O death, where is thy sting ? O grave, where is thy victory ? ‘

³³ Ps. 84.11; KJV 85.10 ‘Mercy and truth are met together; righteousness and peace have kissed each other ‘.

³⁴ Is. 40.10; KJV ‘Behold the Lord God will come with strong hand, and his arm shall rule for him’.

³⁵ Prov. 15.3; KJV ‘The eyes of the Lord are in every place, beholding the evil and the good’.

³⁶ Catholic Encyclopedia 7.171 f., s. v. heaven.

³⁷ § 21.

³⁸ BGA, Anhang s, vv., but cf. § 9⁵.

³⁹ II Cor. 13.11; KJV ‘the God of love and peace’.

⁴⁰ Rom. 15.5; KJV ‘the God of patience and consolation’.

⁴¹ Cf. §§77, 81.

⁴² Jn., GIP 2.632 fin.

⁴³ AiW 1163, note s. v. For mazdā as instr. form, cf. § 55.

⁴⁴ Cf. § 55.

⁴⁵ Cf. EZ 383⁶.

⁴⁶ 3 Conf. 29; EZ 31 init., 345⁶.

⁴⁷ AiW, s. v.

⁴⁸ AiW 286 fin. Cf. West, Journ. Royal Asiatic Soc. 1890.508.

⁴⁹ MW 223b-c. AiW, s. v., connects with &n3fr;ar- ‘figere’.

⁵⁰ Selected from the definitions given in Webster's New International Dictionary, 1914, s. v.

⁵¹ MW 224a.

⁵² Prov. 20.7; KJV ‘the just man walketh in his integrity’.

⁵³ Is. 26.7; KJV ‘The way of the just is uprightness : thou, most upright, dost weigh the path of the just’.

⁵⁴ Amer. Journ. of Theology 17.200.

⁵⁵ Webster's New International Dictionary, 1914, s.v.

⁵⁶ So Py., passim.

⁵⁷ Cf. § 12¹⁸.

⁵⁸ 3 Conf. 58.

⁵⁹ Catholic Encyclopedia 8. 69.

⁶⁰ Cf. ZT 32; EZ 111, 142.

⁶¹ Cf. §78. b).

⁶² MW 87 a. AiW, s. v., connects, through arm, with &n3fr;ar- ‘figere’.

⁶³ Webster's New International Dictionary, 1914, s. v.

⁶⁴ For similar use in Lat., cf. Vergil Aen. 2.536, 5.688.

⁶⁵ Cf. ZRC 12 fin., ‘Submissive Mind’.

⁶⁶ Cf. §81.

⁶⁷ This table does not include use of mainyu- as a substitute for manah-, nor use of manah- in the non-tech, sense.

⁶⁸ JAOS 15.205.

⁶⁹ AF 3.29.

⁷⁰ Cf. §41. 5).

⁷¹ A discussion as to how these instrumentais of means came to be used as nominatives, accusatives, vocatives in the LAv., and how Ah.'s attributes came to be separated from him and to be endowed with independent personalities is not relevant in a study proposing to deal with Gāthic syntax exclusively. These questions will, however, be considered in a paper shortly to appear elsewhere.

⁷² Gdn. KZ 27.225; GIP 1. 231.2, with references there noted; H. Lommel, Zeitschr. f. Indologie u. Iranistik 1922. 1. 16-32.

⁷³ BGA; Lommel, 1. c.; EZ; GIP 1. c.