¹ There is an extensive literature on the subject, most of which is listed in N. C. Stalling, Das Phonologische System des Schwedischen I (Nymegen, 1935). Two basic monographs are those of Johan Storm (Om Tonefaldet i de skandinaviske Sprog, Oslo, 1874) and Axel Kock (Die alt- und neuschwedische Accentuirung; Quellen und Forschungen 87, Strassburg, 1901).

² Cf. Peter Groth (the first scholarly commentator on American Norwegian) in 1897: ‘Persons who have been in America a long time . . . acquire a foreign quality in their voices, so that no matter how fluently they speak their native language, one can still hear that it has become a foreign tongue to them.‘

³ See discussion of his background and linguistic type in Language 14.112–3 (1938).

⁴ The distribution of intonation in the native Sol0r dialect has been analyzed in Dr. Amund Larsen's exhaustive monograph on the phonology of that dialect: Lydlæren i den solørske Dialekt, Oslo, 1894.

⁵ Intonation 1 is here marked by a single accent mark before the stressed syllable, 2 by a double accent mark. The symbol [ṛ] denotes Midwestern American r and the Norwegian ‘thick’ l, which in this dialect appear to be identical.

⁶ Lydlæren 45.

⁷ Cf. Ivar Aimes, Norsk Uttale-Ordbok 33 (Oslo, 1925).

⁸ Cf. Larsen 42–6.

⁹ Cf. Larsen 41 bottom.

¹⁰ Norsk Tidsskrift for Sprogvidenskab 9.261 (1938).