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Linguistic and Cultural Change
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2026
Extract
Culture, to employ Tylor's well known definition, is ‘that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.’ It is clear that language is a part of culture: it is one of the many ‘capabilities acquired by man as a member of society.’
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- Copyright © 1948 Linguistic Society of America
Footnotes
1
The substance of this paper was presented to the staff and students of the Linguistic Institute at one of the forums held during the summer of 1948 at the University of Michigan.
References
2 E. B. Tylor, Primitive Culture 1.1 (Boston, 1874).
3 M. E. Opler, The kinship systems of the Southern Athabaskan-speaking tribes, American Anthropologist 38.620–33 (1936).
4 Harry Hoijer, The Southern Athapaskan languages, American Anthropologist 10.75–87 (1938).
5 See M. E. Opler, An Apache life-way, particularly 140–85 (Chicago, 1941).
6 Edward Sapir and Harry Hoijer, Navaho Texts (Iowa City, 1942), particularly text 30. See also note 30.59 to the translations, p. 538.
7 Ibid., especially text 15.
8 For a review of this development in anthropology, see M. E. Opler, Some recently developed concepts relating to culture, Southwestern Journal of Anthropology, 4.107–22 (1948).
9 M. E. Opler, An interpretation of ambivalence of two American Indian tribes, Journal of Social Psychology 7.103–5 (1936).
10 Ibid. 105.
11 Edward Sapir, Internal linguistic evidence suggestive of the northern origin of the Navaho, American Anthropologist 38.224–35 (1936). This paper gives a number of instances illustrating the point made here.
12 Edward Sapir, Language 234 (New York, 1921).
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