¹ P. Diels, Altkirchensl. Gram. 110 (Heidelberg, 1932); A. Vaillant, Manuel du vieux slave 1.52 (Paris, 1948), and Grammaire comparée des langues slaves 1.135 (Paris, 1950).

² Only Savvina Kniga has bъbrъ, bъdite and bъdělъ, 3 ъ ~ 7 ъ; elsewhere only ъ is found in all possible forms. However, OR texts like the Ostromir and Archangel Gospels have h regularly.

³ See Berneker, Slav. etym. Wörterbuch s.v. bъd'˛, bljud˛, bud'˛ (Heidelberg, 1924). It should be noted that in Old Church Slavonic the adj. bъdrъ is attested only in the identical phrases of Mt. 26.41 and Mk. 14.38, 'The spirit is willing/ready' (πρόθυμον). In later texts it is found meaning 'awake', but in modern Russian it has been extended to ‘ready, forward, bold, cheerful’. From Russian it has been borrowed into literary Czech, Slovene, Bulgarian, and Macedonian.

⁴ Cf. e.g. Bologne Psalt., ps. 118.17, commentary; Sreznevskij, Materialy dlja slovarja drevnerusskogo jazyka s.v. bъdrъno, bъdrъnyi; the Yugoslav Academy's Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika s.v. badrn.

⁵ See J. Frček, Euchologium Sinaiticum 91 [776] [= Patrologia orientalis 24.5] (Paris, 1933). Since his OCS text is based on the old edition of Euch, by Geitler, generally agreed to be full of errors, Frček felt free to make emendations or at least suggestions on the basis of the Greek.

⁶ The source is Sreznevskij, Materialy s.v. bъdryi, and the text adduced is Lamentations 1.5. It is not noted in this entry whether, as Nahtigal assumes, this citation refers to the famous 15th-century text including the copy of the colophon of the scribe Upyr' Lixyi and the date 1047; Sreznevskij gives no date for the other ms. of Lam. which he excerpted.

⁷ R. Nahtigal, Euchologium Sinaiticum 2.146 = Dela 2 of the Akademija znanosti in umetnosti (Ljubljana, 1942). For ‘tranquillus’ he refers to ‘Concordantiae graecae in Septuaginta interpretes I 663, Amstelodami etc. 1718; Sveto pismo IV 342, v Ljubljani 1859‘, neither of which was accessible to me.

⁸ J. Pokorny, Indogermanisches etym. Wörterbuch s.v. bh̿d, gives the chief references. The modern Iranian languages, as R. N. Frye has kindly informed me, have retained the root, as in New Persian bahr ‘beauty; fortunate’. He also points out the Aramaic bahraγ, borrowed from Middle Persian.

⁹ A. Brückner, Slownik etymologiczny języka polskiego s.v. biedrzeniec (Cracow, 1927); Max Vasmer, Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch s.v. bedrenéc (Heidelberg, 1950).

¹⁰ V. Dal', Tolkovyj slovar' živogo velikorusskogo jazyka s.v. bedrá; I. Nosovič, Slovar' belorusskogo narečija (St. Petersburg, 1870); Żelechowski, Ruthenisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (Lvov, 1886) ;M. Pleteršnik, Slovensko-nemški slovar (Ljubljana, 1894); Yug. Akad. Rječnik. Ristić and Kangrga, Enciklop. srpskohrv-nemački rečnik (Belgrade, 1928), give bédrinac. Pol. bedrzyniec is listed by J. Karłowicz, Słownik gwar polskich (Cracow, 1900).

¹¹ F. Miklosich, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der slawischen Sprachen (Vienna, 1886); J. Holub and F. Kopečný, Etymologický slovník jazyka českého (Prague, 1952). The goatlike odor of pimpernel root is mentioned in Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens 1.1225, but the thigh as the seat of reproductive power seems to be Holub and Kopečný's own conjecture.

¹² Cf. Berneker; Vasmer; St. Mladenov, Etimologičen i pravopisen rečnik na bъlgarskija knižoven ezik (Sofia, 1941).

¹³ K. Moszyński, Kultura ludowa slowian 2-1.200 (Cracow, 1934).

¹⁴ Moszyński 220. As an illustration of the survival of the association between bedrník and good health, I cite a Czech drinking song which was popular among people of the generation born in the 70's and 80's. It was given to me by Svatava Pirková-Jakobson, and a variant line was supplied by Milada Součková; to both I express my thanks.

Pijme pivo s bobkem Tak ta bába povídala

jezme bedrník co do lesa chodívala

nebudeme stonat, na ten bedrník

(or, budem dlouho živi,) na ten bedrník.

nebudeme mříit.

¹⁵ Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens 1.1223 f. The English pharmaceutical term pimpernel root refers to this plant, but the word pimpernel has been transferred to the genus anagallis. It is interesting that this too has various good-luck and oracular associations; cf. Standard dictionary of folklore, mythology and legend 870 (New York, 1950). On the etymology of pimpinella, see L. Spitzer in Word 7.211-8.

¹⁶ Cf. Karłowicz; Nosovič; Żelechowski; also B. Hrinčenko, Slovar' ukrains'koi movy (Berlin, 1924).

¹⁷ F. Sławski, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (Cracow, 1952) ; cf. T. Lehr-Spławiński, Słownik języka polskiego s.v. biedr[z]onka (1939). Holub and Kopečný (Etym. slovník) list berunka, beruška as modem forms of an original bedruňka, allegedly an ‘expressive modification’ of brouček (itself a diminutive of brouk) ‘beetle’, and give beroušek, hypochoristic of beránek (dim. of beran), as a parallel. The relation of the presumable old root bręk-/br˛k- to bedr- > ber- is not further explained. It is a fault of the Holub-Kopečný dictionary that odd forms, which more cautious scholars would frankly label ‘unclear’, are frequently classed without qualification as ‘expressive’ forms. Vague semantic relationships are too often preferred to phonetic facts.

¹⁸ Handwörterbuch d. dt. Abergl. 5.1691 ff. gives literature and résumés treating Germany in detail and western Europe in general terms, with some references to other areas. See also Stand, dict, of folklore 599, and the excellent and exhaustive monograph Über die kinder-reime vom marienkäfer und dessen benennungen im finnischen und estnischen, by M. Juvas and K. Vilkuna, in Finnish-ugrische Forschungen 24.154-231.

¹⁹ I wish to thank Morris Halle for calling the Yiddish form to my attention. Ukko was the old Finnish thunder-god and supreme deity; cf. Vilkuna, Finn.-ugr. Forsch. 24.226.

²⁰ Cf. Moszyński, Kult. lud. slow. 2-1.570; E. Muka, Slownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy s.v. slynaško.

²¹ Jan Gebauer, Slovník staročesky (Prague, 1903), lists ^lbedrunka v. vedrunka', but the dictionary does not reach the letter v. One can only assume that he reasoned like V. Flajšhans, Klaret a jeho družina 2.494 (Prague, 1928). It is worth mentioning that Vilkuna concludes that the primary significance of the ladybug in the Finnish area is as a weather oracle, Finn.-ugr. Forsch. 24.228.

²² Gebauer, Historická mluvnice jazyka českého 1.423, cites various interchanges of b and v. To illustrate 6 > v_y he quotes vedrník (14th century) for bedrník, without explanation. F. Trávníček, Hist, mluvn. jaz. česk. 141 (Prague, 1935), gives no new information for the words in question. It might be noted here that Brückner cites Old Pol. wiedrzeniec as an obsolete variant of biedrzieniec, offering no explanation for the consonant alternation.

²³ Karlowicz s.v. biedronka. Jedronka is found in one of the typical verses (in the north Mazovian dialect) asking the ladybug to show, by the direction of her flight, the dwelling of the speaker's future bride; see Prace filologiczne 4.823. Other examples of this type of verse in K. J. Erben, Prostonárodní české písně a řikadla 89; M. Federowski, Lud bialoruski na Rusi litewskiej 1.261 (Cracow, 1897).

²⁴ Cf. Żelechowski; Z. Kuzela and J. Rudnyćkyj, Ukrainisch-deutsches Wörterbuch s.v. šnčedryj (Leipzig, 1943). George Shevelov tells me that these forms are doubtless from the western Ukraine.

²⁵ See Hrinčenko; Kuzela-Rudnyćkyj. I am grateful to George Shevelov for calling my attention to this fact.