¹ This work was done under a grant from the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society in 1938–9.

^1a [That is, morphophonemic. See Trager's discussion of this term in his review of the author's book on Tunica grammar, below.—BB]

² Caroline Dorman, Wild Flowers of Louisiana 79 (New York, 1934).

³ For an explanation of the orthography employed in writing Muskogee words, see my article, Ablaut and its Function in Muskogee, Lang. 16.141–50 (1940).

⁴ The initial symbol in ‘tolô*si is an apostrophe. According to a perfectly mechanical rule all unaccented word-initial light syllables (open syllables containing a short vowel) are low in pitch while all other types of unaccented word-initial syllables are high. On the other hand, words which have lost their initial syllables have the high pitch on a secondarily initial unaccented light syllable since this is the pitch the syllable would have if the original initial syllable were preserved; this phenomenon is indicated by the use of an apostrophe. In the case of words like tokná*wa ~ catokná*wa ‘money’, however, no apostrophe is used because unaccented word-initial heavy syllables (closed syllables and syllables containing long vowels) are invariably high in pitch. Unless the word begins in a light syllable, one cannot determine whether an initial syllable has been lost.

⁵ The double consonant cluster l + ł is exceedingly rare in Muskogee. An examination of several hundred words has revealed only one instance, namely talłákko, our fourth term for ‘prickly pear’. This fact has probably served as a strong inducement in favor of the dissimilation of l to n in the words tanłácko and tanłákko.