¹ According to the rules of the nova ortografia the spelling -am in verbs is used only in the unstressed position; thus amaram corresponds to Spanish amaran while amarão corresponds to Spanish amarán; -ão is accordingly used in monosyllables, e.g., dão. The sound has been described by Cornu in the Grundriss as somewhat like French syllables an ou pronounced in rapid succession without liaison.

² In all of these finals except -ão and õe the nasalization may be variously represented by m, n or the til.

³ Cf. Leite de Vasconcellos, Lições de Filologia Portuguesa² 145 n.2 (Lisbon, 1926).

⁴ Op. cit. 141-6, particularly 145 n. 2.

^4a O. Nobiling, Die Nasalvokale im Portugiesischen, Die Neueren Sprachen 11.150-1.

⁵ An Old Portuguese Version of the Rôle of Benedict [Regla de Sam Beento], University of Cincinnati Studies, Ser. 2, vol. 7, no. 5 (1911).

⁶ Op. cit. 142. I have compared the Kausler edition, which Leite used, with the Huntington facsimile edition and found the rhymes correct. Many more examples might be cited.

⁷ Because of the conservatism of orthography and the complete lack of Portuguese grammars before that of Fernão de Oliveira (1536), rhymes are the only means of determining pronunciation. In the earlier cancioneiros (CA, CV, CB) no rhymes between -am and -om, between -ão and -am, nor between -ão and -om are found.

⁸ E.g., page 25 line 2 and page 66 line 27.

⁹ E.g., page 34 line 16 and page 59 line 8.

¹⁰ There are two examples: page 59 lines 8 and 11. In the Canzoniere Portoghese della Biblioteca Vaticana (Halle, 1875; a diplomatic edition), are found many examples of vão, e.g., poem 1055: uaō in line 10 rhyming with foā from fulano in line 8.

¹¹ Cf. C. H. Grandgent, Intr. to Vulgar Latin, Boston, 1908, §449.

¹² The nasal resonance spreads to both vowels no matter what the original position of the n was; thus vaon becomes vão just as mano becomes mão. Cf. nidum > nĩo > ninho, where the nasal resonance moves forward from the initial n to become an intervocalic palatalized nasal. For other examples, see Lang. 7. 143; MLN 43. 469, 470; Rom. Rev. 21. 143.

¹³ Even in early documents -am is found where, because of its etymology, there can be no doubt as to its pronunciation as -ão, e.g., foā in note 10 above and foam in line 1 of the same poem.

¹⁴ Page 53 line 1.

¹⁵ Page 56 line 29 and page 61 line 10.

¹⁶ The variants of tarn were entam. and atam. Cf. A Historia dos Cavalleiros da Mesa Redonda e da Demanda do Santo Graall 131 (edited by Karl von Reinhardstoettner, Berlin, 1887): foram emtam coitados que cayrom. Throughout this document we find entom and entam-, with predominance of the latter. We also find nom and nam, senom and senam, nom being more frequent than nam and senam more frequent than senom, probably because nom commonly occurred in the unstressed position while senam is always stressed.

¹⁷ We are led to believe that the original analogical impulse did not come from this group of nouns by the fact that in the plural, where there were no verb endings contributing, there was no fusion; hence the three phonological plurals: mãos, caes, visões.

¹⁸ See n. 16 above.

¹⁹ Foão horn, fulano is also written fooam page 5 line 25 and fõam page 5 line 25, while the 3d pl. pres. ind. of ir occurs as follows : uaaom page 26 line 2 and page 103 line 1, vaaom page 103 line 5, and vãao page 110 line 24. Som as 3d pl. occurs only a few times, while sam is quite common. As a 1st sing, som is always used, probably because the force of analogy was less felt in the first person.

²⁰ Cf. A Vida de Sancto Amaro (Texte Portugais du XIV^e Siècle) in Romania 30. 504-518: imperfect beijauõlhe page 511 line 35, pousavõ page 514 line 1, cantauõ page 517 line 20; preterit oscruiram = o scruiram page 514 line 27.

²¹ Page 518 line 1; cf. n. 20 above.

²² There has always been great confusion between the preterit and the simple pluperfect in Portuguese. Cf. Reinhardstoettner, Grammatik der portugiesischen Sprache §258 δ (Strassburg, 1878), and Epiphanio da Silva Dias, Syntaxe Historica Portuguesa §256 a, Obs. 2 (Lisbon, 1918).