¹ A similar grouping is proposed by Thomas A. Sebeok, Finnish and Hungarian Case Systems: Their Form and Function (unpublished ms.), where he says: ‘Following one of de Saussure's most fruitful constructs, . . . suffixes which are added to substantives may be grouped into two major classes. Those suffixes which function only on the axis of simultaneities form one group: such a suffix, for example, as -x ^2.5s in a word like nelvees “linguist”, irrespective of its function in an utterance, signifies its relation to the word jielv “language”, which coexists in the same system. Suffixes of the other group, however, function both on the axis of simultaneities and the axis of successivities: such a suffix as -x ⁰k, in a word like emberek “men”, signifies, for one thing, its relation to the word ember “man”, which coexists in the same system, and, in the second place (as in the sentence emberek kyldenek “men send”), signifies plurality marked also by agreement in the verb (in opposition to kyld “sends”).‘ This and other points of the present paper were discussed extensively with Sebeok, whose above-named monograph, in its Hungarian part, is of great interest to this discussion.

² Vowel Morphophonemics of Hungarian Suffixes, SIL 2.47–50 (1943).

³ Cf. Edward Sapir, Language 107 (New York, 1921).

⁴ János Lotz, Das ungarische Sprachsystem 63, 66 (Stockholm, 1939). Lotz lists 24 suffixes under the heading Kasussuffixe in the following order, corresponding to an approximative semantic classification: 1. nominative 0, 2. accusative /t/, 3. inessive /b^a/en/, 4. elative /b^oo/φφl/, 5. illative /b^a/e/, 6. superessive /n/, 7. delative /r^oo/φφl/, 8. sublative /r^a/e/; 9. adessive /n^aa/eel/, 10. ablative /t^oo/φφl/, 11. allative /h^o/e/φz/, 12. locative /tt/, 13. terminative /ig/, 14. dative /n^a/ek/, 15. temporal /kor/, 16. temporal iterative /nt^a/e/; 17. causal-final /eert/, 18. instrumental /v^a/el/ or final consonant repeated + /^a/el/, 19. factive /v^aa/ee/ or gnai consonant repeated + /^aa/^ee/, 20. sociative /št^u/yl/, 21. essive /^u/yl/, 22. formal: (1) /keent/, (2) /keep/ or /keepen/, 23. distributive /nkeent/, 24. modality /l^a/eg/.

⁵ Robert A. Hall Jr., Hungarian Grammar 32–33 (Baltimore, 1944). Hall groups the suffixes in 2 main classes: those requiring an auxiliary vowel (/n/, /t/or /tt/, /nkeent/ /nt^a/e/), and those not requiring an auxiliary vowel. The latter are divided by the stem vowel morphophoneme contained: those containing x ¹ (a. /ig/, b. /eert/), those containing x ² (a. /^u/yl/; b. /b^oo/φφl/, /r^oo/φφl/, /t^oo/φφl/; c. /n^aa/eel/, /v^aa/ee/; d. /b^a/e/, /b^a/en/, /l^a/eg/, /n^a/ek/, /r^a/e/, /v^a/el/), and one containing x ³ (/h^o/e/φz/).

⁶ Loc.cit., footnote 2.

⁷ Op.cit.

⁸ This suffix occurs after noun stems only very rarely, mainly in bookish and archaic style.

⁹ Loc.cit. 91.

¹⁰ Loc.cit. 32.

¹¹ Ibid. 32–3. Lotz, incidentally, considers the special forms consisting of oblique suffix stem or postposition + personal possessive endings case forms of the personal pronouns, and their morphological nature is only hinted at in a note saying: ‘Die obigen Formen zeigen Ähnlichkeit mit den Kasussuffixen und den unselbstständingen Adverbien, die mit Possessivsuffixen versehen werden’ (loc.cit. 106–7).

¹² The long vowel in these forms can also be analyzed as the final short vowel of the oblique stem plus an initial short vowel of the personal possessive ending: /bele-em/, /bele-ed/, etc.

¹³ Loc.cit. 32.

¹⁴ This even more so, if the oblique stem is considered the basic form.

¹⁵ These forms can also be analyzed as /ra-am/, /ra-ad/, etc. cf. footnote 10.

¹⁶ These forms can also be analyzed as /hozza-am/, /hozza-ad/, etc. cf. footnote 10.

¹⁷ Sebeok calls this suffix comitative. The initial consonant /v/ of this suffix, and of the following suffix /v^aa/ee/, occurs only with vowel-final stems. With consonant-final stems, the /v/ is replaced by a consonant equal to the final consonant of the preceding stem.

¹⁸ Sebeok calls this suffix translative. Regarding the initial /v/, cf. footnote 15.

¹⁹ See footnote 11.

²⁰ Personal communication.

²¹ See footnote 2.

²² Loc.cit. 19.

²³ Loc.cit. 32.