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Romancing with Tone: On the Outcomes of Prosodic Contact

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2026

Guri Bordal Steien  and
Kofi Yakpo
Guri Bordal Steien*
Affiliation:
Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences
Kofi Yakpo*
Affiliation:
The University of Hong Kong
*
Bordal Steien, Inland Norway University of Applied Sciences, Holsetgata 31, 2318 Hamar, Norway, [guri.steien@inn.no]
Yakpo, The University of Hong Kong, School of Humanities, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, [kofi.hku@hk]
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Abstract

This article presents a descriptive and theoretical framework for the analysis of prosodic systems that have emerged from contact between African tone and European intonation-only languages. A comparative study of the prosodic systems of two Romance contact varieties, Central African French and Equatorial Guinean Spanish, shows that they feature two-tone systems, fixed word-tone patterns, tonal minimal pairs, the arbitrary assignment of tone in function words, and tonal processes. Evidence from further contact varieties and creole languages shows that similar systems evolved in other Afro-European contact ecologies. We conclude that tone is imposed by default on contact varieties and creoles that take shape in ecologies characterized by source-language agentivity in tone languages. In doing so, we argue against claims that tone necessarily cedes to stress during language contact and creolization. Instead, contact varieties and creoles partake just like other languages in the convergence processes that lead to the areal clustering of prosodic systems.

Keywords

Central African FrenchEquatorial Guinean Spanishcreoleprosodic contacttonestresssource-language agentivity

Information

Type
Research Article
Information
Language , Volume 96 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 1 - 41
Copyright
Copyright © 2020 Linguistic Society of America

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