¹ A. H. Marckwardt, paper read and preliminary maps for Michigan and Indiana distributed at the summer meeting of the Linguistic Society, Ann Arbor, 1938; paper read and preliminary maps for Michigan, Indiana, Illinois, and Ohio distributed at the meeting of the American Dialect Society, New Orleans, 1939. See also Marckwardt, Middle English ⊖ in American English of the Great Lakes Area, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts, and Letters 26.561–71 (1940, publ. 1941).

² Field records have been completed at the time of writing as follows: Kentucky 5, Indiana 8, Michigan 8, Illinois 9, Ohio 20, Wisconsin 50. The number contemplated for each state in the group is about 50.

³ Information given here is based mainly on Guy-Harold Smith, The Populating of Wisconsin, The Geographical Review 18.402–21 (1928), with excellent maps; Joseph Schafer, Four Wisconsin Counties, Prairie and Forest, Madison, 1927; id., The Wisconsin Lead Region, Madison, 1932.

⁴ Joseph Schafer, The Yankee and the Teuton in Wisconsin, repr. from the Wisconsin Magazine of History 6.2 (1922) and following numbers.

⁵ Note the distinction between colonies of foreigners and foreigners who became members of native or mixed groups. The latter were assimilated far more rapidly. Table 1 is concerned with colonies; Tables 2 and 3 list all foreigners, whether in colonies or not.

⁶ Ideally, the informants should be of many generations, to furnish comparisons and show the ‘drift’ of linguistic change. As usual, however, there were practically limitations of funds and time, and the youngest generation had to be almost wholly sacrificed. The location of each informant is shown on the map. The proportion of about two oldest to one middle should be kept in mind when considering questions of drift.

⁷ By Hans Kurath and others; Providence, 1939. Hereafter referred to simply as the Handbook.

⁸ Table 2 gives the numbers by which the informants are referred to (in italics here and in the text below), the county and the township or city in which they live, their sex, their age in terms of the three generations represented, and the derivation (birthplace or original language community) of their parents. The following abbreviations are used: Belg. = Belgian, F = female, Fr. = French, Ger. = German, Ind. = American Indian, Ir. = Irish, M = male, m = middle generation, o = oldest generation, Pol. = Polish, Sc. = Scottish, Swed. = Swedish, y = younger generation.

Note to informant 48: His mother died when he was a small child, so that her German speech left no trace in his dialect.

⁹ For example, the entry ‘earthworm 4: 2o (10, 35), 2m (46, 50)‘ means that the term earthworm is used by a total of 4 informants, of whom 2 (namely those referred to in Table 2 and on the map by the numbers 10 and 35) belong to the oldest generation, and 2 others (namely 46 and 50) belong to the middle generation.

¹⁰ But other work in the Great Lakes and Ohio River Valley region has shown nicker to be the most widely used term in Indiana and the adjoining southwest corner of Michigan.