¹ One of the less easily accessible discussions of the contrast between cosecha and cogido is found in a study by O. Ducháček, O zdvojování slov, Casopis pro moderní filologii 29.240. On the use of cosecha, see Dicc. Autor. 2.636, which documents the word from M. Navarro de Azpilcueta and from L. del Mármol; in figurative meanings (de su cosecha ‘de su propia naturaleza‘) also from L. de León, Cr. de Fonseca, and D. Cornejo. The phrase de su cosecha is also discussed by E. de Huidobro, Algunas omisiones del Diccionario de la Academia, BBMP 1.72–8. Among synonyms of cosechar, notice agostar < augustu (DH 1.275) and Ptg. Leon. Extr. apañar; see Zamora Vicente, RFE 26.315.

² R. Uribe U., Diccionario abreviado de galicismos, provincialismos y correcciones de lenguaje 72 (Medellín, 1887); L. Segovia, Diccionario de argentinismos: neologismos y barbarismos 422 (Buenos Aires, 1911).

³ A. Malaret, Diccionario de americanismos² 154 (San Juan de Puerto Rico, 1931); idem, Vocabulario de Puerto Rico 137 (San Juan, 1937), with a quotation from J. G. Padilla.

⁴ This is especially true in the light of the facts adduced by P. Henríquez Ureña in his study of the dialect of Santo Domingo.

⁵ Mentioned, along with a number of synonyms, by A. Malaret, Voces afines 72 (San Juan, n.d.).

⁶ Here are the definitions of F. J. Santamaría, Diccionario general de americanismos 2.406 (Mexico, 1942): cosechana ‘destrucción de monte virgen, de bosque muy viejo, para destinar el terreno a labores agrícolas’; cosecharroza ‘desmonte y quema de bosque joven de un año a otro, para hacer terreno de cultivo’. Surprisingly enough, neither formation is mentioned by Victor M. Suárez, El español que se habla en Yucatán (Mérida, 1945).

⁷ On *sectāre, see, in addition to the etymological dictionaries, my forthcoming article on Old Spanish assechar and its variants, to appear in Hispanic Review. That same article contains information on the descendants of secare. Notice segada ‘harvest’ in Comedia de Calisto y Melibea (1499), ed. Foulché-Delbosc, p. 17, line 7. Some additional data follow. Dialectally, segar expresses any kind of ‘cutting’; see A. Mateus, Riqueza de la lengua castellana y provincialismos ecuatorianos² 410 (Quito, 1933). In other places, the meaning is more narrowly circumscribed; cf. B. Acevedo y Huelves and M. Fernández y Fernández, Vocabulario del bable de occidente 200 (Madrid, 1932): 'En Serrandinas aplícase a los bueyes y vacas que describen curvas con las patas al andar.' A copious but poorly classified list of cognates of segar is supplied by J. Cejador y Frauca, Tesoro de la lengua castellana: Silbantes 1.413–5 (Madrid, 1912). On Arag. asegar, see A. Kuhn, RLiR 11.164; on CAmer. trasegada, see L. Sandoval, Semántica guatemalense 2.538; on Navarran segar, segador, applied strictly to the harvesting of corn, not to the mowing of hay, see W. Bergmann, Studien zur volkstümlichen Kultur im Grenzgebiet von Hocharagon und Navarra 65–6 (Hamburg, 1934). A similar usage prevails in Gascony, according to G. Fahrholz, Wohnen und Wirtschaft im Bergland der oberen Ariège: Sach- und Wortkundliches aus den Pyrenäen 95–7 (Hamburg, 1931); see also L. Beyer, Der Waldbauer in den Landen der Gascogne 31 (Hamburg, 1937). Sègo, sèco 'hedge' seems to be of different ancestry, see G. Rohlfs, Le gascon: études de philologie pyrénéenne 71 (Halle, 1935). The American-Spanish use of segar is stated by A. Dornheim, AILC 1.37. Canellada's Asturian word-list 334–6 contains segadín, segañu, segón, segote, segareta, siegu, all based on secāre. Only in Rumanian has persecāre ‘to cut through’ survived (REW³ §6425a).

⁸ Collecha 'cosecha,' collechar 'cosechar' are listed by A. de Rato y Hevia, Vocabulario de las palabras y frases bables 35 (Madrid, 1891). Notice collecha (MS I) beside cogecha (MS K, which also contains coger, recoger, escoger, escogencia) in a 14th-century translation of an Old Provençal treatise on law; see A. Koch, Sibilanten und Palatale im Altspanischen nach den beiden Handschriften der altkastilischen Übersetzung des Codi 27, 32 (University of Halle Diss., 1910). Mozar. colecha, coleicha, colelia, caulelia is likened to Gal. Cast. colleja, Cast. colleja, Arag. colella, colleja, conel; Cat. colitxo, colliso, culiel, and is retraced to Lat. cauliculu, from caulis ‘cabbage,‘ by F. J. Simonet, Glosario de voces ibéricas y latinas usadas entre los mozárabes 122–3 (Madrid, 1888).

⁹ See REW³ §2045: Ast. acollechar ‘to pen,‘ with references to A. Castro, RFE 5.25, and to R. Menéndez Pidal, RFE 7.6.

¹⁰ Coyeta and its variant coxeta are quoted by F. Hanssen, Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana 57 (Halle, 1913), from E. Staaff, Étude sur l'ancien dialecte léonais.

¹¹ See. F. de Onís and A. Castro, Fueros leoneses (Madrid, 1916). Coyechería §231; coyeduría: §280; coyeturía: §265; coyedor: §§280, 317, 322–325, 330, 344, 356.

¹² It is not absolutely necessary to distinguish between two types; a simpler pattern of geographical distribution emerges if we agree to regard collecha, coyeta as reflecting li rather than ll.

¹³ The learned product of colligere was collegir 'to bind,' produced from Old Judeo-Spanish sources by O. H. Hauptmann, HR 10.41; also coligir 'to cull (words from ancient books)', occurring in Calisto y Melibea (1499), p. 167, line 21. On the development of coger see A. Zauner, Altspanisches Elementarbuch² 49 (Heidelber, 1921), and other manuals. OGal, coller is listed by R. Rübecamp, BF 1.338. The type of Late Latin pronunciation suggested by J. D. M. Ford, Old Spanish Readings 199 (*colligēre) is untenable. On colligere > coger see A. Castro, RFE 5.36.

¹⁴ Colheito occurs in P. Menino, Livro de Falcoaria, ed. Rodrigues Lapa, MS B, fol. 58vo; excolheito in Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fol. 38ro; F. Lopes, Crónica de D. Joāo Primeiro, ed. Braamcamp Freire, p. 202. Similarly, correctus underlies escorrecho ‘strong, vigorous’ (Castigos e documentos, BAE 57.89b; Kalila et Digna, see Allen's edition, pp. 142, 218; Libro de los caballos 67, 127, ed. G. Sachs). Ērectus survives in Alav. CAmer. arrecho, ONav. areito, OGal. ereito, MGal. ergueito, ORioj. erecho with the corresponding verbs arrechar, arreitar, erechar, see V. García de Diego, RFE 7.147 and Contribución al diccionario hispánico etimológico 27, 70 (Madrid, 1923); add Libro de los caballos 118. The termination -eito, -echo spread to other stems, as is briefly stated by A. Gassner, Das altspanische Verbum 193 (Halle, 1897); J. Huber, Altportugiesisches Elementarbuch 191 (Heidelberg, 1933); E. B. Williams, From Latin to Portuguese 184 (Philadelphia, 1938). For examples of coseito, cozeito from cōnsuere ‘to sew’, see Menino, Livro de Falcoaria, fols. 30ro, 52vo (twice), 53ro; similarly in MS B, whereas MS C shows cozido, as does the Livro de Citraria, line 177. The participle in -eito reappears in F. Lopes, Crónica de D. João Primeiro 95. The past participle of cozer ‘to cook, to boil’ < coquere was cozido (Livro de Falcoaria, MS A, fol. 47vo; MS B, fols. 47ro, 56ro; Livro de Citraria, lines 833, 866); in this way, homonymity was obviated to some extent. But in Old Spanish cocho < coctu was used instead, e.g. Grail Fragments, ed. Pietsch, fol. 277ro; Colección de autos, farsas y coloquios, ed. Rouanet, 1.9, 172; in El Corbacho, it occurs both as a participle (fols. 41ro, 42vo) and as a substantive (fol. 38vo); notice also cochura (ibid., fol. 41ro). The same stem survives in Ptg. OSp. coita, later cuita ‘grief’ and other semantically distant offshoots. Ptg. tolher ‘to take away’ < tollere (patterned after colher according to Huber, while Williams offers a different explanation for -lh-) developed the analogical participle tolheito; see e.g. Cantigas d'amor 265 (ed. Nunes). Notice aforrecho from aforrar in the Prim. Crón. Gen. 315b, and (h)erguecha ‘erguida’ in Encina, Teatro 238, and L. Fernández, Farsas 116.

¹⁵ J. Cornu, Die portugiesische Sprache, in Gröber's Grundriss §§231, 326 (endorsed by A. Nascentes). J. Cuveiro Piñol, Diccionario gallego 267 (Barcelona, 1876) records recolleita ‘recoleción de la cosecha’.

¹⁶ F. Krüger, Mezcla de dialectos, Homenaje a Menéndez Pidal 2.121–66 (Madrid, 1925), especially 126: [] beside Leon, [] in La Cabrera. In the center and the north of Sanabria, the prevalent form is [ko-╹se-ča], traceable to Castilian; in this same area, Lat. cōnsuere ‘to sew’ has yielded [ko-╹se-re] (see ibid. 137). The product of Latin -ns- is [s] rather than [z] in most of Zamora and Extremadura; see F. Krüger, Studien zur Lautgeschichte westspanischer Mundarten 222 (Hamburg, 1914); notice the contrast to Portuguese. In the Sierra de Gata, different products have been discovered: [kɔ-'ze-ča], [kɔ-╹∫e-ča], [kɔ-╹ӡe-ča], see O. Fink, Studien über die Mundart der Sierra de Gata 50, 63 (Hamburg, 1929). The explorer rightly stresses that [z] as a reflex of Latin -ns- is a relic of the native parlance rather than a borrowing from adjacent Portuguese; in that dialect, [ko-╹^λeλ] corresponds to Sp. coger.

¹⁷ [Gonzalo de] Berceo, El Sacrificio de la misa, ed. A. G. Solalinde (Madrid, 1913), quatr. 132d.

¹⁸ J. López Barrera, Estudios de semántica regional: arcaísmos y barbarismos de la Provincia de Cuenca 31–2 (Cuenca, 1912), with a reference to El Espéculo.

¹⁹ A. Baráibar y Zumárraga, Vocabulario de palabras usadas en Álava 78 (Madrid, 1903), with an interesting quotation of the past participle cogecho from the Fuero de Agüero (a.d. 1224).

²⁰ See J. González Campuzano, Apuntes para un vocabulario montañés, BBMP 2.62 (notice ibid. cojeta ‘contribución’ < collēcta); P. de Múgica, Dialectos castellanos: montañés, vizcaíno, aragonés 16 (Berlin, 1892).

²¹ López Barrera, op.cit. (note 18).

²² See the careful discussion of this matter by Menéndez Pidal in his monograph on the Leonese dialect, RABM 3.14.135.

²³ V. Fernández Llera, Gramática y vocabulario del Fuero Juzgo 133–4 (Madrid, 1929); participial formations include also coleydo, collido.

²⁴ Recorded by A. Mangels, Sondererscheinungen des Spanischen in Amerika 28 (Hamburg, 1926), who erroneously interprets -j- as the last vestige of the allegedly vanishing medial -s- in cosecha: another example of inadequate analysis through exaggerated reliance on phonology to the exclusion of word history.

²⁵ For instance, Captain John Stevens lists cosecha and cojecha as late as 1726.

²⁶ The early etymologists all linked Sp. coger to Lat. cōgere.

²⁷ This stage is important because of the existence of cohechar, confechar as a term of agriculture, cf. cohonder beside confundir in Rouanet's collection of farces 3.188; cohecho occurs in Dança de la muerte, line 530.

²⁸ C. Michaëlis [de Vasconcelos], Studien zur romanischen Wortschöpfung 58 (Leipzig, 1876).

²⁹ J. Cornu, Mélanges espagnols, Romania 13.298–9. Notice that the Dicc. Aut. 2.636b does quote cosecha from Las siete partidas, yet the copy of that text used in 1729 was no doubt late and without evidential value.

³⁰ P. de Múgica, Dialectos castellanos: montañés, vizcaíno, aragonés 16 (Berlin, 1892). Múgica's contemporary H. A. Todd likened cogecha > cosecha to ge lo > se lo; see MLN 1.238.

³¹ F. Hanssen, Spanische Grammatik auf historischer Grundlage 52, 59 (Halle, 1910); Gramática histórica de la lengua castellana 56–7, 66 (Halle, 1913).

³² W. Meyer-Lübke, Grammatik der romanischen Sprachen: Lautlehre 480 (Leipzig, 1890), in an inaccurately worded statement, lists cosecha as a case of dissimilation of consonants. See also REW¹ §2045 for a specific dismissal of cōnsecta, omitted in REW³.

³³ R. K. Spaulding, How Spanish Grew 162 (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1943): ‘The permanent passage of Old Spanish x, j, ge, gi to Modern Spanish s, as in cogecha > cosecha, is rare.‘

³⁴ E. Gorra, Lingua e letteratura spagnuola 84 (Milan, 1898); P. E. Guarnerio, Fonologia romanza 623–4 (Milan, 1918); A. Zauner, Altspanisches Elementarbuch² 53–4 (Heidelberg, 1921).

³⁵ F. Diez, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der romanischen Sprachen 481 (Bonn, 1853).

³⁶ G. Baist, Etymologisches, ZRPh. 5.236. On Lat. -nf- in Spanish, see Menéndez Pidal, Manual 137. The rival word family which Baist seems to have had in mind was cohechar ‘to bribe’, with the derivatives cohecho ‘bribe’ and cohechazón ‘bribing’. The less well known, but in this context more pertinent meaning of cohechar was ‘to plough, to till, to manure’ (cf. the use of cōnficere in Varro); the nowadays more widely used connotation ‘to bribe, to secure’ is clearly secondary, cf. Germ. Schmiergeld. See REW³ §2130: *cōnfectāre. Cohechar ‘to plough, to cultivate’ occurs in Rimado de palacio, N, quatr. 1256c; ‘to oppress’ ibid., N, 216c; cohecho ‘bribery’ ibid., N, 361b, 620d, 1288c (the corresponding passages in MS E show confecho). Dicc. Aut. 2.400–1 quotes cohechador ‘Lat. subornator’ from the Crónica del Rey D. Juan II, P. Mexía, and Quevedo; cohechar ‘Lat. subornare’ from the Crónica del Rey D. Juan II, from Guevara, Fernández de Oviedo, and others; ‘Lat. terram proscindere’ from D. Gracián and Villaviciosa; cohechazón ‘Lat. proscissio’ from Nebrija, and cohecho from various late sources. Ptg. confeitar ‘to sugarcoat’ shows an entirely different semantic development. On afechar, ahechar < affectāre and cohechar < cōnfectāre, see A. Castro, RFE 5.26 and 6.340. For Villasandino's use of coechar and coechador, see Canc. de Baena, No. 57.

³⁷ P. F. Monlau, Diccionario etimológico de la lengua castellana 545 (Buenos Aires, 1941; reprint of the edition of 1881).

³⁸ P. Förster, Spanische Sprachlehre 146 (Berlin, 1880).

³⁹ G. Körting, Lateinisch-romanisches Wörterbuch §§2009, 2107 (Paderborn, 1891); §§2323 and 2434 in subsequent editions.

⁴⁰ The Old Portuguese forms are adduced by V. Garcia de Diego, Contribución 145; Sp. rejo, especially in the stereotyped phrase de rejo, has been extracted from Torres Naharro, López de Úbeda, and Cervantes by C. Fontecha, Glosario 311; rijoso ‘indomitable, furious’ is documented from La Celestina, J. de Ávila, and Cervantes (ibid. 318). Alphonso the Learned's Cantigas de Santa Maria contain forms like rijo, rigio, rejo beside especially common arrizado (see BF 1.295, 320). OPtg. rijo occurs also in Josep ab Arimatia, RL 11.233; Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fols. 36vo, 39ro, 41ro; and in the Livro de Citraria, lines 598, 823. WAst. riẍo ‘strength’ is listed by Acevedo y Huelves; rixoso was used by Fr. Í. de Mendoza (Canc. cast. 1.82a). On the conjugation of arrecer in Western dialects, see Sánchez Sevilla, RFE 15.164; Zamora Vicente, RFE 25.90. More material on recio is found in Espinosa hijo, Arcaísmos 104.

⁴¹ Rezio was the dominant form; examples from charters issued in 1124 are quoted by V. R. B. Oelschläger, Medieval Spanish Word-List 175b; R. M. Pérez, Vocabulario clasificado de Kalila et Digna 256 (Chicago, 1943); Juan Ruiz, quatr. 187c, 193c, 195d, 464b, 465b, 584b; El Corbacho, ed. L. B. Simpson, fols. 62ro, 65ro, 66vo, 71vo, 83vo, 84vo, 100vo; the corresponding verbs were rezir, arrezir, and arreziar.

⁴² J. D. M. Ford, Old Spanish Readings 280, doubts whether rezio continues rigidus, an assumption supported by F. Krüger (Einführung ins Neuspanische) and others. A. Zauner, Altspanisches Elementarbuch² 36, reckons with the influence of recente > OSp. rezient(e), an explanation which gains in plausibility, if it is true that reziente, from ‘recently born’ (Poema de Fernán González, quatr. 99d) could have developed the meaning ‘young, vigorous’. L. Spitzer, AR 11.394 ascribes to García de Diego the theory that rezio goes back to rigēscere ‘to stiffen’, interpreting the cryptic statement of that latter author in a somewhat arbitrary way; see also BDC 11.134 and REW³ §7312a. Todd was confident (MLN 1.288), yet Krüger (Einführung ins Neuspanische) and Lecoy (Recherches sur le Libro de Buen Amor 101) were hesitant in connecting rezio with rigidu.

⁴³ The following three spellings occur in ancient texts. Aginha: Vida de Santo Aleixo, ed. Esteves Pereira, fol. 151vo; Visão de Tundalo, ed. Esteves Pereira, RL 3.104, 111; Vida de Eufrosina, ed. Cornu, fol. 46ro; Vida de Maria Egipcia, ed. Cornu, fol. 63vo; Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fols. 36vo, 45ro; F. Lopes, Crónica de Dom João Primeiro, ed. Braamcamp Freire, pp. 138, 154, 157, 185, 206, 207, 267. Asinha: Josep ab Arimatia, ed. Nunes, RL 11.230; Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fols. 17ro, 24ro, 24vo, 28ro, 37vo, 39vo, 40ro, 42ro, 44ro (twice), 48vo; Crónica de Dom João Primeiro: 21, 24, 77, 203, 220, 296. Azinha: Josep ab Arimatia, RL 11.231, 235; Livro de Citraria, ed. Rodrigues Lapa, lines 16, 652. All scholars are agreed on the base *agīna ‘drive, speed’ (REW³ §281). OSp. a(n)sina ‘thus’ (see E. F. Tiscornia, BDHA 2.198) is, of course, of different origin. On asinha ~ aginha, see C. Michaëlis, HMP 3.469–71.

⁴⁴ Examples of fige: Vida de Maria Egípcia, ed. Cornu, fol. 57ro; Vida de Tarsis, ed. Nunes, RL 11.212; Crónica de D. João Primeiro 125.

⁴⁵ Trager: charter issued at Bragança, A. D. 1340 (BF 3.157–9); Vida de Santo Aleixo, fol. 150vo; Visão de Tundalo, RL 3.104, 106; Vida de Eufrosina, fol. 45vo; Vida de Maria Egípcia, fol. 64vo; Traité de dévotion, ed. Cornu, fol. 162ro; Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fols. 1vo, 2vo, 5vo, 13ro, 18vo, 19ro, 25vo, 37ro, 38ro, 43ro, 47vo; Lopes, Crónica de Dom João Primeiro 7, 13, 16, 18, 22, 26, 58, 69, 79, 82, 87, 93, etc. Trazer: Vida e Feitos de Júlio César, fols. 29ro, 29vo, 43vo, 44vo, 46vo; Lopes, Crónica de Dom João Primeiro 9, 44, 67, 82, 107 (twice), 123, 126, 231; Livro de Citraria, lines 118, 224, 234. OLeon. trazer occurs as early as the 13th century in the Libro de los caballos, ed. G. Sachs, see p. 149.

⁴⁶ OPtg. quige: Lopes, Crónica de Dom João Primeiro 52; forms like quijo, quejir are listed by J. Leite de Vasconcelos, Estudos de Filologia Mirandesa 2.211–2 (Lisbon, 1900–1).

⁴⁷ In J. E. Gillet's edition of B. de Torres Naharro, Propalladia, I find quigera (2.5, 137); quigere (2.6); quiger (2.103). Quigera occurs also in E. Kohler, Sieben spanische dramatische Eklogen 320 (Dresden, 1911). On these forms, see R. J. Cuervo, RH 2.63. On quijer, (I)jabel < Isabel in Northern Portugal, see Leite de Vasconcelos, Esquisse de dialectologie portugaise 115.

⁴⁸ See the documents from Bragança made accessible by A. Roseira: pogy, A. D. 1346 (BF 3.165); pugy, A. D. 1344 (BF 3.163); also Vida de Tarsis, RL 11.212.

⁴⁹ OSp. tisera: El Corbacho, fol. 49vo; Rouanet's collection of farces 1.228; OSp. tijeras: Confisión del amante, fol. 244ro; Mir. tejeira; cf. Menéndez Pidal, Manual 231. WAst. tiseiras, tiẍeres, tesoiras (Acevedo y Huelves) show the successive steps in the development of the word.

⁵⁰ Rresystir: El Corbacho, fols. 31ro, 77ro, 98vo, 107ro; rregistir: ibid., fol. 30vo. Both forms occur in the Rimado de palacio. Rejestir, resistencia are Mirandese, see Leite de Vasconcelos, op. cit. 2.213. See also H. Gavel, Essai sur l'évolution de la prononciation du castillan depuis le XIV^e siècle 384 (Paris, 1920).

⁵¹ The two variants occur in the Rimado de palacio. Juan Ruiz used only visitar (quatr. 373b, 1170b, 1304a, 1595b). Vigitar is mentioned by Juan de Valdés (Cuervo, RH 2.63). OLeon. vegitar appears in Elena y María, line 351. Also Western is vijón ‘visión’; see Grail Fragments, fol. 268ro.

⁵² See D. Alonso's edition of Gil Vicente, Tragicomedia de Don Duardos 265 (Madrid, 1942).

⁵³ On the survival of reiectāre (this verb is starred in REW³ §7189, but not in Ernout-Meillet, Dict.² 468) in Ibero-Romance, see Garcia de Diego, Contribución, No. 503, where OSp. regitar is correctly recognized as a borrowing, but erroneously traced to Catalonia; at that time, the indebtedness of Canciller López de Ayala to Pero Menino, established since then by Rodrigues Lapa, was not yet known. On the relation of regeito to reseito (and of aginha, registo, trager to asinha, resisto, trazer), see the correction, by M. Rodrigues Lapa, Livro de Falcoaria de Pero Menino, pp. xli-xlii (Coimbra, 1931), of an earlier statement by C. Michaëlis de Vasconcelos (RL 13.367–71). Regeitar occurs in Cod. 821 (Sloane), see P. Menino, p. lxii, No. 8; p. lxiv, No. 6; in Livro de Falcoaria, MS A, fols. 41vo (twice), 56ro, 56vo; in the Livro de Citraria, lines 560, 657, 663, 664, 667. Regeito is found in Cod. 821 (Sloane), see P. Menino, p. lxi, No. 4; p. lxiii, No. 9; p. lxiv, No. 16; p. lxv, No. 8; in the Livro de Falcoaria, MS A, fols. 31ro, 37vo (four times), 38ro (four times), 39ro, 39vo; in the Livro de Citraria, lines 432, 485, 685, 686, 689. The secondary form reseitar is found in the Livro de Falcoaria, MS B, fols. 52vo (twice), 60vo (twice); reseito occurs ibid., fols. 45vo, 49vo (six times), 50ro (twice), 50vo (twice), 51ro. Of some interest for the study of -gi-~ -si- is also ceragium ~ cerasia; see Castro, Glosarios xlviii, and Spitzer, MLN 53.134.

⁵⁴ Berceo, Milagros 230b; San Millán 283d; Fuero de Salamanca §90.

⁵⁵ Eregía: Vida de Santo Domingo, quatr. 640b; Poema de Fernán González, quatr. 22c; Vida de San Ildefonso, quatr. 327b; Rimado de palacio, N, 822f; Barlán, fol. 127ro; Castro, Glosarios latino-españoles, E 1102, T 694, 1397; Cancionero de Baena 356; Confisión del amante, fol. 25vo. Heregía: Calisto y Melibea (1499), ed. Foulché–Delbosc, pp. 5, 81; Encina, Teatro 263; erigía: Torres Naharro, Propalladia 1.175.

⁵⁶ Gelosía: El Corbacho, fols. 69ro, 69vo. Juan Ruiz used only çelo(s), çeloso.

⁵⁷ Celogía, which occurs in Ledesma's Cancionero espiritual, is mentioned by R. J. Cuervo, Disquisiciones sobre antigua ortografía y pronunciación castellanas, RH 2.64. The Dicc. Hist. 2.954b provides examples from Hurtado de Mendoza, Ángeles, Artieda, Motiño Hojeda, Lope de Vega.

⁵⁸ Celosía ‘Venetian blind’ does not seem to occur before the 15th century (Romances viejos, C. de Villalón), see the Dicc. Hist. 2.954b-955a. The same source documents the meaning ‘jealousy’ from the Cancionero de Baena and from Amadís de Gaula.

⁵⁹ Tragicomedia de Don Duardos, ed. D. Alonso, line 2024; see also the note on p. 295, with a reference to the historical grammar of J. J. Nunes; cf. genalogía in Rouanet's collection 1.211, 2.252, 2.371. Castro, Glosarios, mentions genolosía ‘aristocracy’.

⁶⁰ Gavel, op. cit. 384. Gómez Manrique, Cancionero castellano del siglo quince 2.49, used genealogía.

⁶¹ Berceo, Milagros, quatr. 205d, 245b, 426d, 721c, 756b; Duelo, quatr. 41. See also the Dicc. Hist.

⁶² Libro de Apolonio, quatr. 445b; Juan Ruiz, quatr. 456b; Sem Tob, quatr. 229b; Cancionero de Baena 446, 450.

⁶³ See the examples, in the Diccionario Histórico, from A. Cabrera and Fr. Luis de Rebolledo.

⁶⁴ Fr. Íñigo de Mendoza, see Cancionero castellano del siglo quince 1.64b.

⁶⁵ Golosía: Calila et Digna (see Pérez's glossary); Primera crónica general §208; Danza de la muerte, line 196. Golosina: Juan Ruiz, quatr. 291a, 295a, 297a, 1168a; Castro, Glosarios, T 650, E 1355. Golosina actually signified 'gluttony“ prior to becoming an expression for 'tidbit'.

⁶⁶ Fr. Íñigo de Mendoza, Canc. cast. 1.18b; Francisco de Madrid, HR 11.283; Lucas Fernández Salmantino, Farsas y églogas 86.

⁶⁷ Juan Ruiz, quatr. 319d.

⁶⁸ Gómez Manrique, Canc. cast. 1.98b; Cancionero de Baena 346.

⁶⁹ Ypocrisía: Santo Domingo, quatr. 179c; San Millán, quatr. 264; Buenos proverbios, MS A, fol. 56vo. Ypocresía: Vida de San Ildefonso, quatr. 327b; Juan Ruiz, quatr. 319a; Bocados de oro, fol. 75vo; Rimado de palacio, N, 1431c; E, 1150b, 1705b. Yprocresía: El Corbacho, fol. 85vo. Yproquesía: El Corbacho, fol. 84ro; Confisión del amante, fols. 42ro, 43ro, 44ro, 45ro, 47ro, 49ro, 102vo.

⁷⁰ Astrología: Bocados de oro, fol. 70vo; Barlán, fol. 161ro; Juan Ruiz, quatr. 123b, 125d, 139d, 151a. Estrología: Buenos proverbios, A, fol. 57vo; Barlán, fol. 100vo; El Corbacho, fol. 92vo; Confisión del amante, fol. 183ro.

⁷¹ Burley, Vida e costumbres de los viejos filósofos 9, 47, 59, 99.

⁷² Vida de San Ildefonso, quatr. 324a, 325a (unreliable edition). A measure of importance attaches also to ceurugía ‘surgery’ and its congeners; see DH 2.1032b (Libro de la Montería).

⁷³ J. Manuel, Libro de la caza 1 (ed. G. Baist).

⁷⁴ El Corbacho, fol. 98ro.

⁷⁵ Poema de Alfonso Onceno, quatr. 628c, 1017d; confirmed by Yo Ten Cate (1942).

⁷⁶ See Rouanet's collection 2.10, 529; 3.27; 4.442; cf. collesio, ibid. 3.6.

⁷⁷ Recorded by J. Lamano y Beneite, El dialecto vulgar salmantino (Salamanca, 1915).

⁷⁸ See Joseph E. Gillet, HR 11.296, with material from Francisco de Madrid, Juan del Encina, Barbieri's Cancionero, and La Pícara Justina.

⁷⁹ Ge lo (la, etc.) prevails in Rimado de palacio (N, quatr. 249d, 368c, 405b, 407b, 438c, 473d, 571b, etc.) and in El Corbacho (fols. 1ro, 5ro, 18vo, 24ro, 24vo, 26ro, 31vo, 42ro, 47vo, 48vo); in the Comedia de Calisto y Melibea one finds ge lo (16, 26) beside se lo (96). The earliest examples of se lo for ge lo go back to the 14th century, according to Menéndez Pidal; ge lo became extinct after 1530, see H. Keniston, The Syntax of Castilian Prose: The Sixteenth century 73 (Chicago, 1937). Examples of the earlier sequence se le, se les are found in G. W. Harrison, A Study of the Range and Frequency of Constructions Involving Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives in Manuscript J-1 Biblioteca Nacional of the Gran Conquista de Ultramar 36–7, 42 (Chicago, 1940).

The origin of se lo used as a substitute for ge lo has been widely debated; see E. Gessner, ZRPh. 17.7; RDR 2.124–5 [not accessible to the writer]; G. Baist, Gröber's Grundriss² 1.910 (phonological conditions); J. D. M. Ford, Old Spanish Readings 286; F. Hanssen, Gramática histórica 76 (exact reason unknown); and especially Menéndez Pidal, Manual⁶ 254 (analogy).

⁸⁰ As will be shown elsewhere, several compounds of *sectāre appear to have arisen in early Ibero-Romance.

⁸¹ The case of preitejamento beside preitesia in F. Lopes, Crónica de Dom João Primeiro 297 is somewhat different because of the unrelated suffixes -ejar < -idiāre and -esia < -ēnse plus -ia.

⁸² See Menéndez Pidal, Manual 138, where angēllas > PN Castil Anzul is also quoted.

⁸³ R. Rübecamp, A Linguagem das Cantigas de Santa Maria, BF 1.318–9, quotes (from Alphonso's poems and from medieval documents) forms like eigreja, igreja, egreja, eigresa, ygleja, igrija, eglesia; feegregía, ffeegresía, feeygregía, freygesía, fregesía, fliguesía, fijglesía, fijgresía, felegresía, freegesía, ffijgrisía, friiguesía, etc. Notice igreja in Rouanet's collection (2.195, 209, 224; 4.96) and in Torres Naharro, ed. Gillet (2.6, 102, 121); relijoso beside religyón in Dança de la muerte (lines 249, 442), also in Confisión del amante (fols. 382ro, 385ro), both texts traceable to the west, but relisión in Rouanet's collection 1.334, 2.111, 123, 3.219, 382, 427, 465; also in the writings of Santa Teresa. Igleja is discussed by F. Lecoy, Recherches sur le Libro de Buen Amor 101. On Grijalba, Grijota, see Menéndez Pidal, Manual⁶ 197–8. For a recent reappraisal of the entire underlying problem, see A. Alonso, Las Correspondencias arábigo-españolas en el sistemas de sibilantes, RFH 8.12–76, esp. 52.

⁸⁴ On the literary facet of the problem, see the introduction of Dámaso Alonso to Gil Vicente, Tragicomedia de Don Duardos, and also the chapter Problemas del castellano vicentino (119–54). Alonso distinguishes among the Leonese tradition, based on the prestige of early writers of farces and eclogues; the general vacillation between conservative and progressive forms of speech in the standard languages of Portugal and Castile; and a Castilianizing tradition in certain literary schools of Portugal.

⁸⁵ See G. Le Gentil, La littérature portugaise 42 (Paris, 1935), who stresses the rôle of the seasonal workers in the diffusion of romances, many of them incorporated into the works of Gil Vicente. Simultaneously, the spread of Castilian features of pronunciation accounts for increased vacillation throughout that period; see e.g. the two maps opposite p. 240 in Menéndez Pidal, Orígenes del español² (Madrid, 1929).