Published online by Cambridge University Press: 22 April 2026
[A specimen of cultivated speech of Columbus, Ohio, in phonetic notation. The intonation is marked throughout and analysed in a special section of the paper.]
1 [ε] toward [Ә]. Vowels in unstressed syllables tend toward central articulation. In a more accurate transcription this ‘centering’ of weak vowels could be indicated by the shift signs of the IPA.
2 The first element of the diphthong [aε] is very long here, and regularly so under the stress, unless it is followed by a voiceless consonant.
3 The [r] carries the syllable, and is followed by consonant [r] The syllabic division is produced by diminishing the volume of the voice, while the tongue stays in position.
4 The reader may have articulated the [k] before the [t], but it is not audible on the record.
5 Long [θ].
6 The [d] is separated from the following stressed [æ] by a brief pause.
7 The diphthong is very plain.
8 [1] is barely audible.
9 Somewhat higher pitched than the preceding word.
10 Long slack [i]. No [Ә]-glide to be heard before an [r] of the same syllable.
11 = if you.
12 Long [o]; lower and more slack before [r] than in other contacts, but entirely distinct from [ɔ] in all.
13 Very heavily stressed. The diphthongal glide is less distinct under normal stress.
14 = but it is.
15 Long vowel.
16 The first element of the diphthong is a long back [α].
17 Slightly lower in pitch than the preceding stressed syllable.
18 Heavy stress, overlong vowel, voice gliding from high to low.
19 [kold] is slightly higher pitched than [ræt].
20 The glottal stop is very plain.
21 The first element of the diphthong is long. The word is lower pitched than [hol].
22 The [t] is faint.
23 Somewhat lower than the preceding stressed syllable, but not low. There is suspense, leading up to the description that follows.
24 The [t] is not exploded, and the implosion is inaudible.
25 = let in.
26 Plain long diphthong.
27 The vowel is slightly diphthongal.
28 Lower than the preceding unstressed syllables.
29 In this phrase and the preceding one the unstressed syllables are somewhat lower pitched than the stressed.
30 Long slack vowel.
31 Slack short vowel.
32 In this phrase the unstressed syllables are pitched higher than the stressed.
33 The [ε] is short and snappy.
34 The entire phrase is somewhat higher than the basic pitch.
35 Slightly raised in pitch.
36 Long [α], which diminishes in loudness before the tongue shifts to the [Ә] of the next syllable.
37 Very heavy stress and high pitch. The largest intervals are always found between an over-stressed syllable and the preceding or following unstressed syllable. A sudden rise or drop in pitch usually accompanies heavy stress.
38 The sustained pitch conveys a threat.
39 The pitch rises gradually from the beginning to the end of the phrase.
40 Does the high-pitched unstressed syllable foreshadow the mood of the subsequent phrase?
41 Unstressed, very short; there seems to be a voiceless sound before the [w].
42 The tongue probably remains in position for the successive [s] sounds, but there are two breath impulses.
43 The second syllable sets in slightly higher than the first.
44 The sustained pitch expresses reflection, uncertainty. .
45 A protracted diphthong, tense at the beginning, slack at the end.
46 Lower than the preceding syllable.
47 Long vowel.
48 The glide toward [Ә] is brief.
49 Protracted vowel.
50 Long vowel, lower than before other consonants; there is no [Ә]-glide before the [r].
51 The voice gradually drops from the beginning to the end of the phrase, the unstressed syllables having the pitch of the stressed syllables preceding them.
52 Half-long vowel.
53 There is a distinct glide toward central position, i.e. [Ә].
54 Perhaps rather [
] than [ɔ].
55 Short [α]; cf. note 52.
56 Long vowel.
57 Cf. [kɔt] in the fifth phrase following.
58 The glottal stop is plain; the vowel is over-long, almost dissyllabic.
59 - that it.
60 Long vowel.
61 Over-long vowel.
62 Over-long vowel.
63 Long [i|.
64 The intonation of this phrase sounds unnatural; it mimics the preceding phrase.