¹ Cp. pp. 104, 13 n, 36 n.

² Cp. G. billigen from billig ‘ equitable, just, fair, reasonable’, MGH billîch ‘ gemäss, geziemend’. Cf. R. Meringer IF 18. 284 : “ billig setzt ein *bill voraus der bedeutung, ‘behauen, eben, glatt, passend gemacht’ (vgl. ahd. billôn ' polire'); mhd. billich ' passend, recht '. Betr. Bedeutungsentwickelung, vgl. engl. fair und got. fagrs IF. 16.176, 17.159.”

¹ Cp. also E. to apply o.s., carry o. s., collect o.s., Lat. comparare (w. inter + rfl. pron. ‘ to come to an agreement‘), Fr. mettre, It. portare, Sp. comportar, conducir.

² Cp. ziehen ‘to breed, cultivate, rear, bring up, educate’, as : Nutzen aus etwas . . 'to profit or be benefited by s. t. ' ; in Verdacht .. ' to suspect' ; sich etwas zu Gemüte .. ‘ to be uneasy about s. t., to take s. t. to heart’.

¹ In case of gehen, betkommen, and hinreissen, the verb is used reflexively only when accompanied by lassen, as : gehen (fig.) ‘to happen, be possible’, e. g. es wird schon .. ' it will be possible ' ; sich . . lassen ' to indulge one's humor, or to disregard proper forms and ceremonies ', as : sie lässt sich niemals . . * she is always on her guard ' ; beikommen in sich .. lassen means ' to take it into one's head, to presume, dare'. Hinreissen ‘ to enrapture, delight’ beside sich . . lassen ‘ to fly into a passion’. As a rule, leiten is likewise accompanied by lassen when used reflexively, as : leiten (fig.) ‘to manage, direct, govern’, e. g. eine Versammlung .. ‘ to preside, or take the chair at a meeting’; sich .. lassen ‘to be actuated (or impelled) by, e. g., good motives, to be docile, tractable, manageable ‘. Cp. also sich bewegen lassen.

¹ Some verbs of motion, used figuratively, hardly fit into any of the three classes; yet it seemed worth while to record their metaphoric use.

² Verbal compounds can not be treated in extenso ; it would have led us too far; yet a certain number, chiefly from German, have been cited. We regard as verbal compounds only such verbs whose resp. simple verbs are still used in literary language. Hence, verbs like begegnen, bewegen, erschüttern, etc., altho they have prefixes, are enumerated as simple verbs because there exists no related simple verb in Mod. German ; but befangen, be- and ergehen, berücken, betreffen, betreiben, altho their prefixes are the same, are considered verbal compounds, because their related simple verbs fangen, gehen, rücken are still used in Mod. German (in a lit. as well as in a fig. sense). Cp. also E. to incline, revolve on the one hand, and to become (come), betake (take) on the other ; Fr. arriver, déchirer beside émouvoir (mouvoir), con-, revenir (venir), etc.

¹ This expression probably arose from the practice of the parties striking a victim when they concluded a bargain.

¹ The use of verbs of motion for the sake of expressing the notion of behavior has been discussed beforehand by the present writer more briefly in an article on ‘Propriety in the Light of Linguistics’, in Modern Philology 26. 415–26.

² W. Prellwitz, Etymologisches Wörterbuch der Griechischen Sprache (2. Auflage, Göttingen, 1905) ; É. Boisacq, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque (Heidelberg and Paris, 1916), s. v. εíϰών, quotes “ lit. pavèikslas ‘example’, pa-véikslus ' exemplaire, adj. ', lett. wîkstůs 's'apprêter à ' ; Bezzenberger, BB. 27. 141 ” ; he does not mention the OI viç.

¹ A. A. Macdonell (Sanskrit-English Dictionary, London, 1893; reissue, Oxford Univ. Press, 1924) gives Sk. viç 'to enter, go into, to settle on or in '; sb. viç ' settlement, homestead, house ' (RV).

² properly 'I have come, am here (Lt. adsutn)'; then simply 'I come'; fig. ‘to relate or belong to’.

¹³ Cp. leiden, which originally meant 'to go '. It is an equivalent of MGH lîden, OHG lîdan 'to go, proceed', OE. lîþan, Go. leiþan 'to go '. In OHG and MHG, it is used both in the above mentioned original sense, and in the figurative sense of 'to endure, suffer, put up with'. It is generally assumed that lîþan acquired the sense of 'being uncomfortable, bearing in patience, suffering ', from the mg. of 'travelling across the sea and to a foreign land'. Cp. Hildebrandslied, 1. 42 :

In Mod. German, leiden became restricted to the fig. sense of ‘to suffer, endure’, and similar mgs. 'to allow, admit ; to like, tolerate ', as : Anfechtungen . . ' to undergo temptations ' ; diese Stelle leidet eine zweifache Erklärung ' this passage admits of a twofold interpretation' ; bei jm. wohl gelitten sein ' to be in favor w. s. o., to be in s. o.'s good books ' ; woran leidet sie ? 'what is the matter with her?' ; a. leidlich 'tolerable, passable', unleidlich ‘insufferable, intolerable’. Cf. leiten, from the equivalent MHG and OHG leiten, corresponding to OS lêdan, OE lǽ↓n, E. to lead, It is considered a factitive of leiden, meaning literally ' to cause to go ', and is probably derived from *laidjan, factit. of Gc. lîþan ' to go '. Cp. also G. Geleite, geleiten.

¹⁴ Cp. bequemen, which goes back to a verb of motion, altho used only in transferred mg. It is formed from aj. bequem ' convenient, comfortable ', MHG bequǽme, OHG liquâmi ' suitable, fit ' ; related to OE gecwême, ME cwême, îcwême ' agreeable, suitable ' ; the base *qêmi is a v. a. fr. the root in Go. qiman, OHG. chuman 'to come', for which the fig. sense of ‘to be fitting, to suit’ already existed in Go. gaqimiþ 'it is fitting '; cp. OE becuman, E. become as well as Germ, kommen and Lat. convenire 'to fit in with, to be becoming, to suit'. Bequemen is used rfl. only, as : sich nach etwas 'to conform (or submit) to s. t., sich zu etwas . . 'to condescend (or yield) to s. t. '; a. bequem 'lazy, indolent ; convenient, fit ', as : er ist sehr .. 'he does not like to be put to any inconvenience ' ; wann es Ihnen . . ist ' at your convenience (or leisure) ; when it suits you ' ; n. Bequemlichkeit ; cp. Bequemlichkeitsliebe.

¹⁵ Passen came into the German language during MHG times, from French passer * to go from one place to another; not to play, pass (at cards)'. This last mg. was retained in German ; but the word assumed likewise the mg. of ' to fit, suit, match ' in lit. and fig. sense, as : der Schlüssel“ passt zum Schloss ' the key fits the lock ' ; er passt in jede Gesellschaft ' he is fitted for any society ' ; wie das passt ! ' how nicely that suits ' ; falls es Ihnen passi ' if it is convenient to you ' ; aj. passlich 'fit, suitable, convenient' ; passend ; n. Passlichkeit. Cp. unpassend, uupässlich, Unpässlichkeit. Anpassen ‘ to fit, suit’, lit. and fig. ; fig. ‘ to accommodate, adapt’, as : dem geringsten Fassungsvermögen angepasst ‘suited to the meanest capacity’ ; rfl. 'to conform (to)', as : man muss sich den Sitten eines Landes .. ' one must conform to the customs of a country'; n. Anpassung ‘fitting, accommodation, adaptation’, Anpasslichkeit ‘adaptiveness ‘.

¹⁶ As regards origin and meaning of English-French chic, we find various explanations in the standard dictionaries. The Oxford New English Dictiönary gives the foll, explanation : Chic, sb. and a. slang (F. chic, of uncertain origin; it has been variously referred to the G. schick tact, skill, and viewed as an abbreviation of chicane : see Littré). A. sb. Artistic skill and dexterity; ‘ style’, such as gives an air of superior excellence to a person or thing. 1856 Lever Martins of Cro'M. 321. The French have invented a slang word..... and by the expression ' Chic ' have designated a certain property by which objects assert their undoubted superiority over all their counterfeits. [Examples follow from 1882 and 1887.] 1888 Pall Mall G. 6 Sept . 4/2. Her voice is sweet and her delivery artistic, but she is wanting in what the French call 'chic' — an untranslatable word, denoting an indispensable quality. B. a. (not so used in F.) ‘Stylish’, in the best of fashion and the best of taste. [Three examples follow fr. 1879, 1880, 1887.]

Webster's Dict, has : ' Chic, n. [F.] Great artistic cleverness or skill, esp. in painting ; that which gives an air of great excellence to a person or thing ; good form ; style. Colloq. “Sometimes charm is mere chic, cachet, style, order and movement in carriage.” W. C, Brownell '. 'Chic a. [F.] Original and in good taste or form; characterized by chic. Colloq. '

The Century Dictionary interprets E. chic, a. and n., as a Fr. word, usually explained fr. G. geschick ‘ aptness, skill, address’, geschickt ' apt, clever ', from schicken 'adapt (o.s.), bring about', caus: of ge-schehen ‘happen’; otherwise referred to OF chic ‘small’; cp. E. chicane < Fr. chicane ‘trickery, caviling’, <chicaner, prob. < OF chic ‘small little’; (de chic à chic 'from little to little '); as a noun, 'a little piece, finesse, subtlety '.

Funk and Wagnalls' Standard Desk Dict, renders E. chic aj. by ‘ natty, clever, striking, stylish’ and E. chic n., by ‘ 1. Originality and taste, as in dress. 2. Facility and cleverness in execution. 3. Airiness or smartness of manner (Fr. < G. geschick, skill). ‘

E. Littré in his Dictionnaire de la Langue Française offers the foll, interpretation : chic : 1) Autrefois, mot du style familier signifiant abus des procédures, finesses, subtilités captieuses : cet homme entend le chic, est versé dans les détours de la chicane. ‘La discorde, qui sait le chic, En fait faire un décret public’. La Henriade travestie, ch. V, p. 68, dans Fr. Michel, Argot. 2) Aujourd'hui, terme d'atelier : on dit d'un peintre qu'il a ou qu'il entend le chic, quand il produit rapidement et avec facilité des tableaux à effet. ‘J'use de mots de l'art, je mets en marge hic; J'espère avec le temps que j'entendrai le chic’. Satyres de Du Lorens, Sat. XII, p. 97, dans Fr. Michel, Argot. Fig. Il a le chic, se dit, dans un langage très familier, d'un homme adroit, qui sait s'y bien prendre. En un autre sens, il a du chic, se dit d'un élégant, ou d'une chose élégante et bien tournée : ce chapeau a du chic; cette toilette a du chic. Etym. Il est possible que ce mot, dans le second sens, vienne de l'allemand Schick, aptitude, façon tournure. Quant au premier sens, qui est ancien puisqu'il se trouve dans Trévoux, le doute est grand, à moins qu'on n'y voie une abbréviation comique de chicane.

Petit Larousse Illustré states : ‘ Chic n. m. (de chicane). Pop. Terme d'atelier pour exprimer une certaine habileté de main dans les arts ; tournure hardie, avantageuse : avoir du chic.‘

The word is not mentioned in the Dictionnaire de l'Académie, nor do we find it in Meyer-Lübke's Etymolog. Wörterbuch. Körting (Lat.-Roman. Wörterbuch, No. 2132) states : ‘ Span, chico (s. unten ciccurn) ; davon vielleicht frz. chic .‘

It seems obvious that the Modern chic (cp. Littré) in E. and Fr. owes its origin to Germ. words like Schick, schicklich, Schicklichkeit, which are evidently connected with schicken. Cf. ‘ Chic and Charming Spring Frocks’ (Baltimore American, 26. II. 1928); ‘Chic Pays Dividends in the Business World’ (The Sun, Baltimore, 21. X. 1928); ' The Ultimate in Winter Chic Badger Fur on Black ' (The Evening Sun, id., 10. IX. 1928) ; 'Chic Demands Effort Rather Than Money' (The Sun, id., 27.1. 1929); ' Chic Defies the Elements in Fetching Costumes ' (ib., 14. IV. 1929); 'Small Wares Exhibiting Great Chic, A Chic Ensemble' (ib., 20. IV. 1930).

¹⁷ Cp. further : 'He is said to have “made a hit” with Her Royal Highness ' (Baltimore American 4. XII. 1926); 'Dan Cupid makes a Hit ' (ib. 17. II. 1928).

¹⁸ Cp. n. forerunner and vbs. like overrun, outrun.

¹⁹ It would take too much space to give an English translation of all the examples.

²⁰ Cp. further dé-, re-, surpasser.

²¹ Cp. devenir : une plaisanterie dite à contre-temps peut devenir une offense.

²² My attention is called by the Editor to the fact that in this verb there is probably a combination of two original verbs, one having the stem ƑƐρu- the other being cognate with Latin servare ; cf. AJP 33.424, and Bechtel, Lexil. 139–41.

²³ In the Editor's opinion, őρϰια denotes the two lambs as 'oath-victims ' and the phrase at first meant ' to cut (the throats of) the oath-victims'.

²⁴ Cp. also σεíω ‘to shake’; fig. (Att.) ‘ to harass, annoy with accusations so as to extort money’ ; cp. Antiph. 6. 43, where σεíειν and σνϰοφανuτεíν are allied, σεύω ‘ to put in quick motion, to drive’ ; fig. pass. and med. 'to be eager, yearn after, long for ', as : θνμó#x03C2; δὲ μoι ἒσσνταιη(Od. 10.484) ; cp. a. ὲσσύμενος ' hasty, eager'.

²⁵ V. i. and v. t. could not be given in every instance. As a rule, only one of the two uses, i. e. the one which occurs more frequently, is mentioned. If, however, both uses are referred to, the one used more frequently receives the first place.

²⁶ Importunus and opportunus are not here included, since they seem to have no direct relation to the verb portare. The ending -tunus probably implies a noun-stem in -tu- ; cp. þortus, and also fortuna alongside the i- stem in fors. It is even possible that opportunus should have a single þ and be associated rather with the root *wer-which appears in operi (for *oþ-weryõ).

²⁷ Prof. Kent calls my attention to the well-known fact (cp., e.g., Skeat Etym. Dict, of English s. v.), that etymologically the words to pose and position were not originally connected with each other ; for the Latin verb ponere, to which position belongs, was in the present stem replaced in late Latin by pausare, from which comes to pose. The fusion of the two has in English become so complete that to all intents and purposes fhe noun imposition is derived from the verb to impose.

²⁸ The foll. G. verbal compounds, used literally as verbs of motion, express figuratively EMOTION, PROPRIETY, INTELLECTUALITY and kindred mgs., while their resp. simple verbs are rarely, if at all, used in a metaphoric sense :

1. a)

   a) in a narrower sense :

   abrollen ‘ to roll down’; fig. ‘ to unroll a picture, to disclose, display’.

   anfachen ' to blow ' ; fig. ' to rouse, anger'.

   angiessen ‘to pour to, on’; fig. p. a. angegossen, as : der Rock sitzt wie .. ‘the coat fits to a nicety ‘.

2. b)

   b) in a wider sense :

   abknöpfen 'to unbutton ', fig. 'to abridge s. o. of his dues'.

   aufraffen 'to rake, snatch up ' ; fig. ' to pluck up courage, to take heart '.

   ausweizen ‘to hollow by whetting’ ; fig. ‘to make amends for, to repair (a fault)‘.

   bezeichnen ' to cover with drawings ' ; fig. ' to term, denote ' ; p.a. bezeichnend 'significant '.

   einräumen ' to stow away ' ; fig. 'to yield '.

   verlassen ' to quit, desert ' ; fig. ' to fail, give up ' ; rfl. ' to rely on'.

   vertiefen ‘to hollow out’ ; fig. rfl. 'to plunge into s. t., to give o. s. up, to pour on ' ; p. a. vertieft ' absorbed in, deeply engaged in'.

   zusammenraffen 'to sweep, rake up ' ; fig. 'to collect (one's strength) ', rfl. ' to collect o. s. '

²⁹ Cp. also, e. g., the metaphoric use of the verb to shoot'm sentences like ‘Smith's Biggest Shot at Victory is Due Tonight’ (The Evening Sun, Baltimore, 3. XI. 1928); ‘ The baboon is known as “ Tabby ” and “Bobby ”. Whatever the name, he appreciated being “shot” by a photographer, and then ..... the baboon proceeded to attempt picture taking also’ (id., 26. X. 1928); etc.

³⁰ Cp., e. g., such verbs as G. brechen, erdrosseln, fassen, E. to break, clutch, feel, grasp, handle, lead, throttle, touch, etc., which had to be omitted for lack of space.

³¹ Further belong here G. befangen, befinden, beimessen, bekehren, belangen, berücken, beschliessen, betragen, erfinden, ertragen, gefallen, übertragen, verbrechen, verlangen, willfahren, zutreffen, for which see Alphabetical Index. Cp. also abfinden, anregen. etc.

³² Cf. G. schüren (p. 61) which, taken in a wider sense, might be added to Class II, and E. to captivate (under I) which, in a certain fig. sense, belongs to Class II.

³³ As regards some verbs of motion, they, as a rule, acquire a metaphoric mg. only when used impersonally; cp. G. zugehen : so geht es in der Welt zu ‘such is life’ ; aufstossen : es stösst mir auf ' it strikes me ' ; einfallen : es fällt mir grade ein ' it just occurs to me ' ; belangen : was belangt ' as concerns, regards, as belongs to ' ; angehen : es geht meine Ehre an ' my honor is at stake ' ; so weit es angeht ' as far as possible, practicable, passable, tolerable '; verschlagen : was verschlägt es Ihnen ? 'what does it matter to you ?'

³⁴ Only in a very few instances has a verb been treated under two different headings, as : Fr. baisser which found a place under I w and III w, and Fr. passer, under II n and III w. Sp. coger is mentioned under III n and III w, and Sp. ir under II n and III n. It. volgere is cited under I w and III w, and E. to spatter under I w and III w.