¹ This article is a revision of the central portion of my doctoral dissertation (Princeton University, 1938). I wish to express my great indebtedness to Prof. E. H. Sturtevant and Dr. W. M. Austin of Yale University for their help in bringing my work up to date.

² E. Prokosch, A Comparative Germanic Grammar 92 (Linguistic Society of America, 1938).

³ For a convenient bibliography, see H. Hirt, Handbuch des Urgermanischen 1.113; also Prokosch, Comp. Gmc. Gr. 93.

⁴ A. Holtzmann, Altdeutsche Grammatik 1.109.

⁵ F. Kluge, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Germanischen Conjugation 127–30; Urgermanisch 3.75; Quellen und Forschungen 32.127.

⁶ This represents a quite different evaluation of the situation from the one put forth in my dissertation, where I stated that an actual laryngeal consonant was preserved as a distinct phoneme in the pre-Gmc. period, and probably lasted to Gmc. times, when, under the accentual conditions described, it was later assimilated to the nature of the immediately following consonant.

My views on the laryngeals now differ only slightly from Sturtevant's, cf. Lang. 16.81–7, 179–82, 273–84; 17.1–11, and references.

⁷ Sturtevant and Austin believe in the existence of an entire series of long voiceless semivowels, though neither has as yet cared to commit himself as to their phonetic or phonemic nature. Cf. Austin's article, The Prothetic Vowel in Greek, Lang. 17.83 ff., for some of the Greek evidence for the assumption of these new phonemes.

⁸ Walde-Pokorny, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der indogermanischen Sprachen (WP) 1.627.

⁹ WP 1.330.

¹⁰ WP 1.834; E. Boisacq, Dictionnaire étymologique de la langue grecque² (B) 334 (Heidelberg and Paris, 1923).

¹¹ WP 1.369–70; S. Feist, Vergleichendes Wörterbuch der gotischen Sprache³ (F³) 431, 435 (Leiden, 1939); E. Kieckers, Handbuch der vergleichenden gotischen Grammatik (KG) 43 (München, 1928).

¹² WP 1.21–2; F³ 2; A. Walde, Lateinisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (W) 440 (ōvum), etc. (Heidelberg, 1906).

¹³ F³ 112 (daddjan); Mikkola, Verschärfung, Streitberg Festgabe 267.

¹⁴ NED s.vv. dey, dairy.

¹⁵ WP 1.819; Mikkola 268.

¹⁶ E. Sievers (transi. A. Cook), An Old English Grammar³ 235 (Boston, 1903).

¹⁷ Mikkola 268; F³ 538–9.

¹⁸ F³ 100; J. Franck, Etymologisch Woordenboek der nederlandsche Taal² 74 s.v. blouwen ('s Gravenhage, 1929).

¹⁹ WP 2.86–7; Mikkola 268; B 809. Sturtevant will soon publish an article dealing with the alternation IH -;-jós > IE -Әhjós > Gk. -αιοs : IH -á'.jō > IE -ājō > Gk. -āω. (Here; is the symbol for the second laryngeal.)

²⁰ But cf. Mikkola 268, 270.

²¹ WP 1.104; F³ 288; Mikkola 268.

²² WP 2.168.

²³ WP 2.352–3.

²⁴ Several of the words mentioned here are classified in my article in Lang. 14.95–103 0938).

²⁵ WP 2.169, 206–7; F³ 103–4; H. S. Falk and Alf Torp, Norwegisch-Dänisches etymologisches Wörterbuch (FT) 1.44 s.v. balderbraa (Heidelberg, 1910); B 734–5; F. Holthausen, Altenglisches etymologisches Wörterbuch 32, 36 (Heidelberg, 1934).

²⁶ WP 1.804–5; B 201–3.

²⁷ The Latin evidence indicates the second or third laryngeal.

²⁸ See W. M. Austin, The Etymology of English big_t Lang. 15.249–50 (1939).

²⁹ This word has caused difficulty mainly because a form containing a full grade vowel has been posited as its antecedent. But cf. the 7th class verb høggva ‘hew’ treated above. See FT 1.121 s.v. bygge, also WP 2.142.