Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 January 2026
An indisputable fact of life and of nature is that humans and human institutions necessarily both exist in and live through time. The importance of this fact and the conscious recognition of it is reflected in the concern for the passage of time and for humans' place vis-à-vis time observable in various sorts of artistic expression, from the visual arts such as sculpture and painting to various reflections in literary and even musical sources. Taking the arts as my point of departure, I first outline here and then contrast different views of time from within different domains and disciplines and from different vantage points, discussing in turn the artist's, the physicist's, the linguist's, and, ultimately, the ordinary speaker's view of time. I then contrast continuity across time with change across time, and illustrate continuity amidst change through an extended case study of the past-tense marker in Indo-European languages known as the ‘augment’, examining its stability and change throughout all of attested Greek, from Mycenaean Greek of the second millennium BC up through Modern Greek of the present day, with particular focus on its realization in certain regional dialects of the modern language. The augment thus provides an important object lesson in linguistic continuity and change, as it proves to be a remarkably durable but at the same time intriguingly elastic morpheme, at least as far as Greek is concerned. Since the view of time that I ultimately dwell on leads me to a consideration of time and history, I end with some observations on both the history of the field and my own personal history.
This article originated as my presidential address at the 2020 Linguistic Society of America (LSA) annual meeting in New Orleans on 4 January 2020. I owe thanks to many people for some of the ideas contained herein, but would like to especially single out my long-time friend, two-time colleague, and many-time collaborator Rich Janda; see also §5.1 for others who deserve thanks for having provided input over many years. I have chosen to write this in the conversational style in which I delivered it, though the text as originally delivered has been edited and reworked somewhat into the present form. In this regard, I would like also to thank my friend, former student, and current long-standing colleague, Hope Dawson, for her excellent editorial help; Language editor Andries Coetzee also provided very useful editorial advice. Several others contributed in various small but significant ways to the final form of this article, including Lina Hou, Björn Köhnlein, Rexhina Ndoci, and Daniel Puthawala, and I thank them for their input. Gratitude is due also to my brother Alan Joseph, J.D., and friends Drs. Bethany Christiansen and Domenica Romagno, for valuable comments on a preview of the contents of my address.