¹ Brugmann, Idg. Forsch 7.167–77 (1897).

² O. Jespersen and H. Pedersen, Phonetic Transcription and Transliteration, Proposals of the Copenhagen Conference April 1925. Oxford, 1926.

³ IF 21. 145–61 (1907); Idg. Gram. 1. 112–19(1927).

⁴ Smithsonian Misc. Coll. 66.6.

⁵ For this distinction, cf. Princ. Int. Phon. Ass. 14–5 where it is rather implied, perhaps unintentionally, that ‘narrow’ and ‘scientific’ transcription are always to be identified; also Propos, of the Copenh. Conf. 8–9 where the possibility of such an understanding is excluded explicitly. In the former passage the point of real interest was that ‘broad’ transcriptions suffice for most practical purposes; and (we may add) for many scientific ones.

⁶ In Western American; my own dialect (chiefly Southern) differs for the back series: hoarse, horse [h]; wore, war [w] before vowel. GMB.

⁷ The fact that this writing ultimately rests upon conditions of an earlier state of the language is here irrelevant.

⁸ If only five vowel letters and only six diacritics be used, it can be calculated that the possible combinations of zero, one, two, or three of these six diacritics with the five vowels is 210, and will cost well over $1000.00 for the equipment.

⁹ To illustrate: symbols such as [o'] (high long oral) and [_n] (low short nasalized), will express as much as the troublesome combinations mentioned in the preceding note, and their cost is practically negligible.

¹⁰ The existence of such persons is not to be assumed too lightly. Periodical articles are written for scholars, not for college students.