Hostname: page-component-6898cfcb55-kwdml Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2026-11-11T20:52:30.896Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Friction-Heating Maps and Their Applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2013

H.S. Kong and
M.F. Ashby
Get access

Extract

Friction is often a nuisance, but it can be useful too. Brakes, clutches, and tires rely on it, of course, though the inevitable fractional heat remains a problem. Other applications use frictional heat: friction cutting and welding, skiing, skating, and curling. The damage to magnetic disks caused by head-disk contact and the striking of matches are also examples.

This article illustrates a framework where the thermal aspects of friction can be analyzed in an informative way. It uses a unified approach to the calculation of flash and bulk heating, and a helpful diagram—the frictional temperature map—to display the results. The method is approximate, but the approximations have been carefully chosen and calibrated to give precision adequate to most tasks, and the gain in simplicity is great.

The symbols used in this article are defined in Table I.

When two contacting solids 1 and 2, pressed together by a normal force F, slide at a relative velocity ν and with coefficient of friction ü, heat is generated at the surface where they meet. The heat generated, q, per unit of nominal contact area, An, per second is

The heat flows into the two solids, partitioned between them in a way that depends on their geometry and thermal properties. Figure 1 shows one geometry commonly used for laboratory tests: the pin-on-disk configuration. The pin is identified by the subscript 1, the disk by subscript 2. Solid 1 can have properties which differ from those of solid 2.

Information

Type
Materials Tribology
Information
MRS Bulletin , Volume 16 , Issue 10 , October 1991, pp. 41 - 48
Copyright
Copyright © Materials Research Society 1991

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Article purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

1.Ashby, M.F., Abulawi, J., and Kong, H-S., STLE Tribology Transactions, October (1991).Google Scholar
2.Archard, J.F., Wear 2 (1958) p. 438–455.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Barnes, P., Tabor, D., and Walker, J.C.F., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 324 (1971) p. 57–73.Google Scholar
4.Bass, M., in “Physical Processes in Laser-Material Interaction,” edited by Bertollotti, M. (NATO Advanced Studies Institute, Plenum, New York, 1982) p. 77–108.Google Scholar
5.Blok, H., “Surface temperature under extreme pressure lubricating conditions,” (Proc. Second World Petroleum Congress 3, Paris, 1937) p. 471–486.Google Scholar
6.Blok, H., “Measurement of temperature flashes on gear teeth under extreme pressure conditions” J. Mech. E. Proc. General Discussion Lubrication and Lubricants, Vol. 2 (1937) p. 14–20.Google Scholar
7.Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D., The Friction and Lubrication of Solids, Parts I and II (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1950, 1964).Google Scholar
8.Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C., Conduction of Heat in Solids, 2nd ed. (Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959).Google Scholar
9.Evans, D.C.B., Nye, J.F., and Cheeseman, K.J., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 347 (1976) p. 493–512.Google Scholar
10.Greenwood, J.A. and Williamson, J.B.P., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 295 (1966) p. 300–319.Google Scholar
11.Jaeger, J.C., J. and Proc. R. Soc. N.S.W. 26 (111) (1942) p. 203–224.Google Scholar
12.Johnson, K.L., J. Mech. Phys. Solids 16 (1968) p. 395–399.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Kennedy, F.E. Jr., Trans A.S.M.E. J. Lub. Tech. 103 (1981) p. 90–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Kennedy, F.E. Jr., Trans A.S.M.E. J. Lub. Tech. 104 (1982) p. 582–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
15.Kraghelski, I.V. and Demkin, N.B., Wear 3 (1960) p. 170–187.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Rabinowicz, E., Friction and Wear of Materials (Wiley, New York, 1965).Google Scholar
17.Tabor, D., Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A 251 (1959) p. 378–393.Google Scholar
18.Yamada, K., Takeda, N., Kagami, J., and Naoi, T., Wear 48 (1978) p. 15–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
19.Ashby, M.F., Kong, H-S., and Abulawi, J., T-MAPS Software and User Manual (Engineering Department, Cambridge, U.K., 1990).Google Scholar
20.Lim, S.C. and Ashby, M.F., Acta Metall. 35 (1987) p. 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Vill, V.I., Friction Welding of Metals (American Welding Society, Reinhold, NY, 1962) p. 42–51.Google Scholar
22.Oksanen, P. and Keinonen, J., Wear 78 (1982) p. 315–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Ettles, C.M. and Hardie, C.E., Trans ASME 110 (1988) p. 678–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Griffioen, J.A., Bair, S., and Winer, W.O., in 12th Leeds-Lyon Symposium of Tribology, edited by Dowson, D., (1985) p. 238–245.Google Scholar
25.Kong, H-S. and Ashby, M.F., Case Studies in the Application of Temperature Maps for Dry Sliding (Cambridge University Engineering Department Report, 1991).Google Scholar
26.Schey, J.A., Introduction to Manufacturing Processes (McGraw Hill, New York, 1977) p. 295.Google Scholar
27.Metals Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 6, Welding and Brazing (American Society for Metals, Metals Park, Ohio, U.S.A., 1971).Google Scholar
28.Welding Handbook, 6th Ed. (American Welding Society, New York, 1968).Google Scholar
29.Ruge, J., Thomas, K., Eckel, C., and Sundaresan, S., Welding Journal, August (1986) p. 28–31.Google Scholar
30.Nicholas, E.D. and Thomas, W.M., Welding Journal, August (1986) p. 17–27.Google Scholar
31.Nicholas, E.D., Welding Journal, July (1983) p. 17–29.Google Scholar
32.Owczarski, W.A. and Paulonis, D.F., Welding Journal, February (1981) p. 22–33.Google Scholar
33.Tribology Handbook (Butterworths, 1973) p. C8.Google Scholar
34.Freres, R.N., cited by Bowden, E.P. and Tabor, D., in The Friction Lubrication of Solids (Oxford University Press, 1986) p. 167.Google Scholar
35.Bowden, F.P. and Tabor, D., The Friction and Lubrication of Solids (Oxford University Press, 1986) p. 166–167.Google Scholar